THE  ROBERT  E.  COWAN  COLLECTION 

PRESENTED   TO   THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHLJFORNIH 

BY 

C.  P.  HUNTINGTON 


cJUNE,  1897. 


Recession  No, 


Class 


Sennacherib's  Campaign 


IN 


Syria,  .Phoenicia,  and   Palestine, 


ACCORDING  TO 


HIS  OWN  ANNALS. 


ASSYRIAN    TEXT   AND    ENGLISH    TRANSLATION,   TO- 
GETHER  WITH    PHILOLOGICAL   AND 
HISTORICAL  NOTES, 


BY 

HENRY  GUSTAVUS  KIEME, 

Theologire  ac   Philologice   Sacrae   Studiosus. 


V 
V 


LACHISH  INSCRIPTION. 


SENNACHERIB'S 


CAMPAIGN 


IN 


Syria,  Phoenicia,  and  Palestine, 


ACCORDING  TO 


HIS  OWN  ANNALS. 


ASSYRIAN    TEXT   AND    ENGLISH    TRANSLATION,    TO- 
GETHER  WITH    PHILOLOGICAL   AND 
HISTORICAL  NOTES. 


BY 

HENRY  GUSTAVUS  KIEME, 

Theologize  ac  Philologiae  Sacrae  Studiosus. 


DISSERTATIO   ACADEMICA   PRO  A.  M.  HONORIBUS. 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 
BACON  &  COMPANY,  BOOK  AND  JOB  PRINTERS, 

Niantic  Building,  Clay  Street. 


TO 


W.  A.  SCOTT,  D.D.,  LL.D., 


PRESIDENT    OF    THE    SAN    FRANCISCO    THEOLOGICAL    SEMINARY,    AND 
PROFESSOR  OF  SYSTEMATIC  AND  PASTORAL  THEOLOGY, 


ETC.,    ETC., 


AS   A   MARK  OF  LOVE  AND  GRATITUDE, 


BY  H.  G.  K. 


INTRODUCTION 


OURS  is  an  age  of  great  mental  activity  and 
research.  In  whatever  direction  we  may  turn 
our  eyes,  we  see  the  vestiges  of  the  acuteness,  pro- 
fundity, and  energy  of  man's  mind.  The  narrow 
limits  of  old  sciences  have  been  widened  and  enlarged, 
new  branches  of  learning  discovered  and  created,  theo- 
retical knowledge  made  practical,  the  dark  depths  of 
the  wide  ocean,  and  the  lofty  heights  of  the  snowy 
mountain,  the  mysterial  distances  of  the  astral  regions, 
and  the  hidden  bowels  of  our  own  planet,  have  been 
searched,  with  equal  vigor,  with  equal  success.  Espe- 
cially in  the  domain  of  history,  archaeology,  and  phil- 
ology, remarkable  progress  has  been  made  during 
these  last  fifty  years.  Not  only  the  strange  hieroglyphs 
of  the  ancient  Egypt,  and  the  intricate  cuneiform 
inscriptions  of  Assyria,  Babylon,  and  Persia,  have  been 
deciphered  and  explained ;  but  likewise  the  oldest 
written  remains  of  Phoenicia  and  Arabia,  of  Cyprus 
and  Troja,  of  Carthage  and  Etruria,  have  been  dug 
out,  and  studied,  and  read,  and  their  records  made 
available,  and  I  trust,  that  not  many  years  hence,  even 
those  mysterious  signs  upon  the  well-known  stones  of 
Hamath  will  disclose  to  us  their  thus  far  hidden  mean- 
ings. 


VI  INTRODUCTION. 

Before  giving  the  following  pages  to  the  public,  I 
will  say  a  word  or  two  with  regard  to  the  occasion,  to 
the  reason  why  I  have  launched  this  little  brochure 
upon  the  fickle  waves  of  the  critical  ocean  ;  and  then  a 
few  short  remarks  concerning  the  graphic,  written, 
characters  and  the  language  of  the  Assyrians,  which, 
after  an  interval  of  more  than  three  thousand  years, 
after  a  long  sleep  of  oblivion,  comes  again  in  notoriety. 

In  the  first  place,  the  study  of  the  Revealed  Word 
of  God,  to  which  I  have  given  my  mind  and  my  time, 
draws  from  year  to  year  more  subject-matter  into  its 
sphere ;  the  critical  apparatus  to  the  Sacred  Writings 
accumulates  in  remarkably  great  dimensions.  It  is 
impossible  that  a  theologian  now-a-days  can  compass 
with  equal  exactness  and  thoroughness  all  the  sub- 
divisions of  theological  learning.  The  work  must  be 
divided.  Sacred  philology,  an  important  part  of  theo- 
logical training,  especially  now,  when  subtle  objections 
so  often  are  thrown  in  the  way  of  orthodox,  faithful 
exegesis,  is  considerably  enlarged.  Not  only  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew  are  expected  to  be  mastered  by 
the  well-informed  theologian,  but  also  Assyrian  and 
Egyptian  soon  will  constitute  an  acknowledged,  import- 
ant part  of  theological  science.  Those  of  my  fellow- 
students  in  theological  Seminaries  or  Divinity  schools, 
who  have  received  from  their  Creator  the  gifts  and  the 
inclinations  toward  the  study  of  sacred  philology,  should 
by  all  means  cultivate  them,  for  the  true,  ultimate 
result  of  these  studies  will  certainly  contribute  towards 
the  establishing  of  the  supreme  authority  of  the  Sacred 
Scriptures,  and  thus  to  the  glory  of  God ;  and  the 
quicker  and  readier  those  of  our  ministers  and  students, 
who  have  not  yet  been  tainted  with  the  subtle  rational- 


INTRODUCTION.  Vll 

istic  poison  of  England,  France,  and  Germany,  take 
part  in  these  interesting  and  important  studies,  so 
much  the  better.  For  none  of  the  original  discoverers 
and  decipherers,  neither  Rawlinson  nor  Oppert,  neither 
Schrader  nor  Sayce,  who  are  now  successfully  popular- 
izing Assyriology  and  its  results,  of  course  in  their 
fashion,  can  be  charged  with  too  great  bias  towards 
the  Holy  Scriptures. l  I  am  now  far  from  claiming  the 
necessary  philological  learning  for  the  taking  up  and 
successful  carrying  on  of  Assyrian  studies — on  the  con- 
trary, I  must  confess  that  I  am  only  a  tyro  thus  far 
in  the  domains  of  Semitic  languages,  for  neither 
leisure,  nor  the  necessary  books  and  publications,  have 
been  at  my  disposal. 2  Gesenius  Thesaurus  Philologi- 
cus,  EwalcCs  Hebrew  Grammar  (8  edit),  Wright's 
Arabic,  Hoffmanns  Syriac,  Dillmanris  Ethiopic, 
together  with  Fursfs  Ararnaeischen  Lehrgebaude,  and 
Schrader  s  and  Sayce  s  Assyrian  Grammars,  have  been 
my  only  helps  in  Semitic  studies. 3  I  trust,  that  in  the 
future,  D.  V.,  I  will  have  more  leisure  and  more 
means  to  carry  on  Old  Testament  philology.  There 
is  no  doubt  whatsoever,  that  Assyriology  soon  will 
become  a  good  and  sharp  weapon  in  the  hands  of  the 
wise  and  judicious  Christian  Apologists,  and  together 
with  Egyptology,  rightfully  used,  may  be  of  the  great- 
est profitableness  and  advantage  in  the  present  spir- 
ited war  against  all  kinds  of  unbelief  and  misbelief. 

1  See  Princeton  Review,  1874,  page  397.     Remarks  by  Dr.  Green. 

2  Deficiente  pecu — deficit  omne — nia. 

3  I  must  not  forget  to  mention,  that  I  have  made  also  good  use  of  Wal- 
ton's  Polyglot  Bible,   and   Castelli's    Heptaglot   Dictionary ;    the   very 
pearl  among  the  excellent  books  which  Dr.  Burrowes  has  donated  to  the 
San  Francisco  Theological  Seminary. 


Vlll  INTRODUCTION. 

Secondly,  I  may  be  permitted  to  make  a  few  remarks 
on  cuneiform  writings  and  the  languages  written  in 
these  characters,  for  those  of  my  lectores  benevoli  who 
have  not  had  an  occasion  to  acquaint  themselves  witn 
the  facts  of  the  discovery,  explanation,  etc.,  of  cunei- 
form inscriptions. 

It  was  as  early  as  1842  that  M.  Botta,  at  that  time 
French  Consul  at  Mosul,  on  the  river  Tigris,  discovered 
the  first  traces  of  Assyrian  remains  underneath  the 
great  mound  called  by  the  Arabs  Kouyyunjick,  oppo- 
site Mosul ;  afterwards,  not  being  as  successful  in  his 
excavations  as  he  expected,  he  shifted  the  locality  of 
his  operations  to  a  place  about  fourteen  miles  distant 
from  Kouyyunjick,  called  Klwrasabad.  In  1845,  Mr. 
Layard commenced  similar  operations  at  the  supposed 
site  of  the  ancient  Nineveh ;  what  his  results  have  been 
is  generally  known,  for  the  accounts  of  his  excavations, 
laid  down  in  a  masterly  manner  in  his  various  books, 
have  been  accessible  to  the  people  also  of  America,  by 
the  fact  that  the  books  were  republished  here  and  sold 
considerably  cheaper  than  in  England.  From  that 
time,  expeditions  have  been  repeatedly  undertaken, 
mostly  by  French  and  English  scholars,  all  of  which 
were  crowned  with  the  most  remarkable  success.  The 
last  investigations  have  been  made  by  that  eminent 
and  sagacious  Assyrian  scholar,  George  Smith,  of  the 
British  Museum.* 

An  immense  number  of  baked  clay  tablets,  of  terra- 
cotta cylinders,  and  burnt  bricks,  covered  to  a  great  ex- 
tent with  minute  writings  in  a  wedge-shaped  manner, 

*The  narrative  of  his  various  expeditions  has  just  been  published  in 
England,  but  I  have  only  in  the  latter  part  of  this  brochure  been  able  to 
make  use  of  his  interesting  book. 


INTRODUCTION. 


have  been  dug  out.  sometimes,  unfortunately,  in  a 
mutilated  condition.  These  have  been  taken  to  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  where  in  leisure  they  have  been  copied, 
studied,  and  read.  Especially  rich  in  Assyrian  remains 
is  the  British  Museum  in  London  and  the  Louvre  in 
Paris.  It  is  true  that  we  cannot  read  this  cuneiform  writ- 
ings with  such  an  exactitude  and  correctness  as  we 
might  wish,  and  it  is  equally  true  that  there  still  remains 
a  great  deal  to  be  done  ;  but  on  the  whole,  the  claims  of 
Assyriology,  as  an  established  branch  of  Oriental  Phil- 
ology, cannot  be  doubted  nor  disputed. 

Three  kinds  of  cuneiform  writings  have  so  far  been 
discovered,  the  first  and  the  simplest  of  which  is  called 
the  Persian.  The  initial  steps  towards  the  explana- 
tion of  this  kind  were  taken  by  Professor  Grotefend  in 
Gottingen,  as  early  as  1802.  He  was  soon  followed 
in  this  kind  of  research  by  a  host  of  distinguished 
English,  French,  and  German  savants ;  who,  by  hard 
and  intense  work,  finally  succeeded  in  settling  con- 
clusively the  meanings  of  the  different  characters. 
It  was  found  that  the  writing  is  a  purely  alpha- 
betic one,  consisting  of  about  forty  characters. 
The  language  is  called  Old  Persian,  belongs  to 
the  great  Indo-European  family,  and  is  very  closely 
related  to  the  Sanscrit.  The  inscriptions  which  we 
possess  in  this  language  are  the  great  Darius  inscrip- 
tion of  Behistiin,  besides  smaller  ones  of  Cyrus,  Xerxes, 
Artaxerxes,  and  a  few  more  Persian  kings.4 

The  second  class  is  the  so-called  Median.  Especially 
Westergard,  Norris,  Holzmann,  and  Mordtmann  have 
done  great  service  in  settling  the  relative  value  of  the 

*  See:   Fr.  Spiegel:   Die  Altpersischen  Keilinschriften,  Leipzig,  1862, 
who  gives  text,  translation,  grammar,  and  glossary. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

characters,  (about  400),  all  of  which  denote  a  consonant 
with  inherent  vowel,  for  instance,  ap,  er  ik,  su,  etc.  The 
language  is  Turanian  or  Ural-Altaic,  and  closely  allied 
to  Turkish,  Finnish,  or  Baskish.5  These  two  classes 
have  no  interest  for  Biblical  scholars,  only  history  and 
philology  derive  advantage  from  their  being  ex- 
plained. 

The  third  kind,  which  alone  deserves  our  notice,  is 
the  so-called  Assyrian  and  Babylonian,  very  complicat- 
ed, consisting  of  more  than-4OO  signs,  which  denote  not 
only  syllables,  but  also  whole  words ;  besides  simple  syl- 
lables, numerous  ideograms,  polyphones,  and  homo- 
phones, are  found  indiscriminately  used  with  the  great- 
est freedom,  so  that  a  word  of  three  syllables  may 
be  written  with  an  ideogram,  a  simple  syllable,  and  a 
polyphone. 

The  language  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia  is  purely 
Semitic,  with  an  underlying  Turanian  stratum,  called 
now  by  cuneiform  scholars  generally  Accadianf  in 

5  The  best  article  on  the  so-called  second  kind  of  cuneiform  inscription 
is  found  in  Zeitschrift  d.  D.  M.  G.  vol.  26,  by  Dr.  A.  D.  Mordtmann  : 
"  Entzifferung  und  Erklarung  der  Armenischen  Keilinschriften  von  Van 
und  der  Umgegend." 

6  Mr.  Hale'vy,  the  eminent  Semitic  scholar  of  Paris,  read  not  long  ago 
a  paper  before  the  Acaddmie  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles-Lettres,  on  the 
Pseudo-Turanians  of  Babylon,  in  which  he  denies  in  toto  the  existence 
of  an  Arcadian  language  unconnected  with  the  Semitic  dialects  of  As- 
syria and  Babylon.    Mr.  Hale'vy  sums  up  against  the  theory  which  ascribes 
the  invention  of  the  cuneiform  alphabet  to  the  Turanians,  and  treats  the 
admission  of  a  Turanian  foundation  for  the  civilization  of  the  Assyro- 
Babylonians  as  a  gratuitous  hypothesis,  fraught  with  serious  danger  to 
the  progress  of  all  historical  and  philological  studies.     We  may  soon  ex- 
pect an  answer  from  either  J.  Oppert  or  E.  Schrader  ;  I  for  one  believe 
that  Mr.  Hale'vy  is  liable  to  err  just  as  well  as  his  learned  co-religionist 
and  co-semitist  did  some  years  ago.     I  mean  E.  Rdnan.     Acad.  of  Dec. 
19, 1874. 


INTRODUCTION.  XI 

which  language  the  oldest  records,  exclusively  in  Baby- 
lon, have  been  found.  The  general  adopted  opinion  is, 
that  the  early  Babylonians,  a  non-Semitic  race,  were 
the  inventors  of  this  kind  of  writing,  which  was  in  the 
first  place  purely  hieroglyphic,  i.  e.,  a  picture-writing 
such  as  the  ancient  Egyptians  had,  but  which  in  the 
course  of  time  simplified  itself  into  the  so-called  proto- 
chalda>an,  then  in  the  common  Assyrian,  till  at  last,  in 
the  times  of  Darius,  the  syllabic  and  ideographic  char- 
acters of  Assyria  were  still  more  simplified  and  reduced 
to  the  alphabetic  system  of  Persia.  For  instance, 
the  generally  used  ideograph  for  ''God  "  (Ass.  ilu,  hebr. 

,  is  this  :   •-  *•     i   three  arrows,  two  horizontal  and 

a  perpendicular  one  ;  now  in  the  archaeic  form  it  con- 
sisted of  four  arrows,  in  the  form  of  a  star  laid  togeth- 


er, thus,       FT-     In  this  picture  of  a  star  we  see  plain- 


ly the  early  symbol  of  the  Deity.  I  do  not  doubt  that 
the  worship  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  sun,  moon,  and 
stars,  was  the  first  established  form  of  idolatry,  and  in 
fact  always  has  been  among  the  descendents  of  Sem, 
with  the  only  exception  of  the  Hebrews. 

The  language  of  Assyria,  as  already  said,  is  purely 
Semitic,  the  roots  being,  like  in  the  Hebrew,  Arabic, 
Ethiopic,  etc.,  triliteral,  for  instance,  nadan,  "|rO,  to  give, 
bana,  H3D,  to  build,  sama,  J^O^,  to  hear,  halak,  "pTT,  to  go, 
mala,  X*?D,  to  Jill,  etc.  Analogous  to  other  Semitic 
languages  various  conjugations  are  derived  from  these 
triliteral  verbal  roots  :  Kal,  If  teal,  Pael,  Iftaal,  Shapel, 
Ishtafal,  etc.,  still  the  number  of  these  forms  is  less 
than  in  the  more  developed  Arabic.  The  inflection  is 


Xll  INTRODUCTION. 

done  mostly  by  changing  the  vowel  inside  the  root,  or 
by  affixes  and  suffixes,  or  by  adding  a  fourth  character- 
istic consonant,  for  instance,  "  /"  in  the  precative,  n,  /, 
etc.  Besides  the  two  main  Semitic  tenses,  Perfect  and 
Imperfect,  Assyrian  possesses  a  so-called  Permansive  7, 
a  Precative,  Imperative,  Participle,  and  Infinitive. 

In  order  to  become  fully  convinced  of  the  Semitic 
character  of  the  Assyrian  language,  we  need  only  con- 
sider the  lexical  contents.8  With  the  exception  of  a 
few  words  remaining  from  the  archaeic  Turanian  which 
were  taken  over  together  with  the  graphic  characters, 
all  the  roots  of  Assyrian  may  be  found  either  in  the  dic- 
tionaries of  Hebrew  and  Syriac,  or  of  Arabic  and  Ethi- 
opic.  It  is  not  the  place  to  dwell  in  extenso  upon  the 
remarkable  manner,  the  acute  and  ingenious  process, 
by  which  learned  men  have  reached  such  wonderful 
results.  I  only  can  refer  here  to  the  popular  accounts 
given  from  time  to  time  by  such  men  as  Sir  H.  Rawlin- 
son,  Talbot,  Smith,  Sayce,  and  others  in  various  periodi- 
cals, especially  in  the  "  London  Athenaeum,"  or  to  the 
most  excellent  papers  of  our  esteemed  Princeton  Pro- 
fessor, W.  H.  Green,  in  the  "  Princeton  Review,"  (Nos. 
8 1,  84,89)  some  of  which  undoubtedly  will  be  accessible 
to  those  who  desire  to  know  more  about  this  greatest 
of  all  literary  feats  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Upon  the  following  pages  I  give  first  the  small  in- 

7  See  :  Dr.  Schrader  in  Zeitschrift  d.  D.  M.  G.  XXVI.  p.  266.    Sayce: 
Ass.  Gr.,  p.  52.     Hinks  in  J.  of  R.  A.  S.,  1866,  p.  480.     At  the  meeting  of 
the  Internationa]  Congress  of  Orientalists  last  year,  in  London,  Rev.  G.  C. 
Geldart  read  a  paper  on  "Dr.  Hink's  Permansive  Tense  in  the  Assyrian 
Verb/'     I  hope  soon  to  hear  more  of  his  paper  ;  see  Acad.  No.  124,  p  328. 
This  Permansive  is  not  yet  clear  to  me  ;  I  think  it  is  adhuc  sub  judice  Us. 

8  Still,  it  is   true   that  the   main   argument  for  the  relationship  of   a 
language  is  the  grammar. 


INTRODUCTION.  Xlll 

scription,  found  over  a  bas-relief,  representing  King 
Sennacherib  sitting  upon  a  throne  and  receiving  Hebrew 
captives.  Secondly,  I  have  quoted  a  few  lines  from  an 
inscription,  generally  called  the  inscription  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  which  the  submission  of  King  Hezekiah 
shortly  is  mentioned.  It  is  found  printed  in  Rawlin- 
son's  Inscr.  of  W.  A.,  Vol.  I,  pL  43,  15,  the  preceding 
one  in  the  same  volume,  pi.  7.  Thirdly,  there  may  be 
found  a  part  of  an  inscription  of  Sennacherib,  discov- 
ered upon  a  hexagonal  terra-cotta  cylinder,  called  after 
its  first  owner  the  Taylor  cylinder.  The  original  in 
cuneiform  characters  is  lithographed  in  the  first  vol- 
ume of  the  great  London  publication,  The  Cuneiform 
Inscriptions  of  Western  Asia,  by  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson 
and  Norris,  and  after  the  last  named  scholar's  death, 
by  Geo.  Smith.  Trtree  volumes  of  this  excellent  folio- 
work,  a  very  treasure-house  for  Assyriologists,  have  al- 
ready been  published,  and  the  fourth  is  expected  to  be 
ready  by  this  time.  Of  this  large  inscription  of  Sen- 
nacherib, which  records  us  the  first  eight  expeditions 
of  this  monarch,  I  have  given,  of  course,  only  that 
portion  which  has  reference  to  Syria  and  Palestine, 
Bible-lands  in  the  narrower  sense.  There  exists  also 
a  parallel-inscription  to  the  latter  one,  published  by 
Rawlinson  under  the  name  of  the  Bellino  inscription  of 
Kouyyunjick  in  vol.  Ill,  12,  13,  which  is  somewhat 
shorter.  I  have  not  quoted  it. 

The  transcription  in  Roman  characters  is  given  after 
Dr.  Schrader  :  "  Die  Keilinschriften  und  das  Alte  Tes- 
tament," p.  1 70  seg.,  but  since  Americans  are  perhaps 
more  used  to  that  system  of  transcription  used  in  Eng- 
land, I  have  made  the  necessary  changes,  substituting 
the  alphabet  used  by  Sayce  and  given  in  his  Ass.  Gr.,  p. 


XIV  INTRODUCTION. 

25,  with  the  exception  of  Ayin  and  Yodh.*  Never- 
theless, I  must  confess  that  I  greatly  prefer  the  Ger- 
man system,  because  it  avoids  the  use  of  two  letters 
for  one  Semitic  one,  by  ingeniously  making  use  of 
diacritical  points  above  and  underneath  the  character. 
After  the  Assyrian  text  is  found  a  literal  English 
translation,  made  also  after  the  German  of  E.  Schrader ; 
but  in  the  notes  following  the  text  I  mention  also  the 
Variae  Lectiones  of  Fox  Talbot,  as  given  in  the  neat 
little  volume,  "Records  of  the  Past?  London,  Bag- 
ster ;  and  Geo.  Smith  in  his  just  published  book :  "As- 
syrian Discoveries."  After  the  text  will  be  found  what 
has  cost  me  the  most  labor,  namely  the  grammatical 
and  lexical  notes,  explaining  every  word,  as  far  as  clear 
to  me.  Upon  the  concluding  pages  I  have  ventured 
to  give  a  few  historical  notes — of  course  nothing  new 
—but  since  doctors  on  that  point  disagree,  etc. 

Finally,  I  must  say,  that  I  had  commenced  to  write 
this  virgin  dissertation  (more  ac  ritu  Academico  in  Lit- 
erarum  Universitatibus  Germanicis)  in  Latin,  being 
from  early  boyhood  acquainted  with  that  language,  but 
one  of  my  honored  and  learned  friends  advised  me  to 
write  it  in  English.  Of  course,  I  know  that  a  goodly 
crop  of  "  Germanisms "  is  found  upon  these  pages, 
therefore  I  beg  the  pardon  and  kind  forbearance  of  the 
reader.  I  think  that  neither  the  late  Fr.  Lieber,  nor 
K.  Schurz  here  in  America,  nor  the  learned  Sanscritist 
of  Oxford,  who  wrote  or  still  write  an  excellent  Eng- 
lish style,  have  in  their  first  publications  been  so  entire- 

*There  will  be  found  many  irregularities  in  the  transcription.  Samekh 
and  Shin  are  not  distinguished,  because  an  accented  j  could  not  be  found, 
etc.  Those  scholars  who  read  Hebrew  with  some  fluency,  will  without 
difficulty  recognize  the  resp.  root. 


INTRODUCTION.  XV 

ly    free   from  faults  betraying  their   author's   mother 
tongue. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  Idibus  Febr.,  1875. 

H.  G.  K. 


A.  H.  Sayce,  M.  A.,  feflow  and  tutor  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  transcribes  the  Hebrew  alphabet  as 
follows:  N:=a;  3  =  b  ;  ^  =  g ;  T=xl;  H  =  h  ; 
1  =  u  ;  r  =  z ;  n  =  kh  ;  D  =  dh  ;  V=  i ;  D  =  c  ; 
^  =  1 ;  D  =  m  ;  J  =  n ;  D  —  s  ;  P  =  e;  ^  =  p;^ 
=  ts  ;  p  —  k  ;  1  =  r ;  tT  =  s  ;  H  =  t. 

Ebr.  Schrader,  D.  D.,  Professor  of  Theology  in  the 
University  of  Jena,  Germany,  differs  from  Sayce  in 
the  following  characters :  nr=:h;  D  =  d;'=y; 
3  =  k;  V  =  i ;  y  =  s ;  p  —  k. 

With  the  exception  of  '  and  y  (Yodh  and  Ayin),  I 
have  used  Sayce's  system. 


I. 
Inscription  over  a  Bas-relief. 

(Lachish  Inscr.) 

1.  Sin-akhi-irib  sar  kissati  sar  mat  assur 

2.  ina  kussu  ni-mi-di  u-sib-va 

3.  sal-la-at  'ir  La-ki-su 

4.  ma-kha-ar-su  'i-ti-ik 

II. 

Inscription  of  Constantinople. 

Lines  13-15. 

Lu-li-sar  Tsi-du-un-ni  4i-kim  sarrut-su ;  Tu-ba-'-lu 
i-na  cussu-su  u-si-sib-va  man-da-at-tu  bilu-ti-ya  tsi-ru- 
us-su  u-sal-bit;  rap-su  na-gu-u  mat  Ja-hu-di,  Khi-za-ki- 
a-hu  sar-su  'i-mid  ab-sa-a-ni. 


III. 

Taylor's  Cylinder  Inscription. 

Col.  II.,  34  seq. 

34.  I-na  sal-si  gir-ri-ya  ana  mat  Kha-at-ti  lu  al-lic, 

35.  Lu-li-i  sar  'ir  Tsi-du-un-ni  pul-khi  mi-lav-vi 

36.  bi-lu-ti-ya  is-khu-pu-su  va  a-na  ra-uc-ci 


2O  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 


37.  kabal  tiham-tiv  in-na-bit-va  ma-ti-su  'i-mid. 

38.  'Ir  Tsi-du-un-nu  rabu-u  'Ir  Tsi-du-un-nu  tsikhru. 

39.  'ir  Bit-Zi-it-ti,  'Ir  Tsa-ri-ip-tav,  4r  Ma-khal-li-ba, 

40.  'ir  S'an-su-u,  'ir  Ak-zi-bi,  'ir  Ac-cu-u, 

41.  irani-su  dan-nu-ti,  bit  dura-ni  a-sar-ri-i-ti 

42.  u  nu-ci-ti  bit  rat-la-ti-su  ra-ru-bi 

43.  Asur  bil-ya  is-khu-bu-sunu-ti,  ic-nu-su 

44.  si-bu-u-a  Tu-ba-Mu  ina  cussu  surru-ti 

45.  'ili-su-un  u-si-sib  va  bilat  man-da-at-tubi-lu-ti-ya 

46.  cisid-ti  ula-ma-at  u-cin  tsi-ru-us-su. 

47.  Sa  Mi-in-khi-im-mu  U-si-mu-ru-na-ai, 

48.  Tu-ba-3-lu  Tsi-du-un-na-ai 

49.  Ab-di-li—ti  A-ru-du-da-ai, 

50.  U-ru-is-ci  Gu-ub-la-ai, 

51.  Mi-ti-in-ti  As-du-da-ai, 

52.  Pu-du-ilu  Bit-Am-ma-na-ai, 

53.  Cam-mu-si-na-ad-bi  [Ma]-5-ba-ai7 

54.  Abu-ram -mu  U-du-um-ma-ai, 

55.  sarra-ni  mat  Akharri-ca-li-su-un  si-di-'i 

56.  sat-lu-ti  ta-mar-ta-su-nu  ca-bid-tu  a-di  sa-su 

57.  a-na  makh-ri-ya  is-su-nuv-va  is-si-cu  sipa-ya 

58.  u  Tsi-id-ka-a  nisu  Is-ka-lu-na-[ai] 

59.  sa  la  ic-nu-su  a-na  ni-ri-ya:   ili  bit  abu-su  sa-a-su 

60.  assat-su  habli-su  banati-su  akhi-su  zir  bit  abu-su 

61.  as-su-kha-av-va  a-na  mat  Assur  uras-su 

62.  Sarru-lu-da-ri  habal  Ru-kib-ti,  sarru-su-nu  makh- 

ru-u, 

63.  'ili,  ni-si  'ir  Is-ka-al-lu-na  as-cun-va  na-dan  bilat 

64.  cit-ri-'i  bi-lu-ti-ya  'i-mid-su-va  i-sa-at  ab-sa-a-ni. 

65.  I-na  mi-ti-ik  gir-ri-ya  'ir  Bit-Da-can-na, 

66.  'ir  ja-ap-pu-u,  'ir  Ba-na-ai-bar-ka,  4r  Azu-ru, 

67.  ^ir-ani-sa  Tsi-id-ka-a,  sa  a-na  ni-ri-ya 

68.  ar-tu  la  ic-nu-su,  al-vi  acsu-ud  as-lu-la  sal-la-sun. 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  21 

69.  Saccanac-ci,  rubbuti  u  nisi  4ir  Am-gar-ru-na 

70.  sa  Pa-di-i  sarra-su-nu  bil  a-di-'i  u  ma-bad 

71.  sa  mat  Assur,  kas-vi-tu  parzilla  id-du-vaa-na  Kha- 

za-ki-ja-hu 

72.  Ja-hu-da-ai  id-di-nu-su  nac-ris  a-na  tsil-li-'i  mu-su, 

73.  ip-lukh  lib-ba-su-un.     Sarra-ni  mat  Mu-tsu-ri 

74.  tsa-bi   mitpanni.  narkabati,   susi  sa  sar  Mi-lukh- 

khi, 

75.  'i-mu-ci  la  ni-bi  ik-ti-ru-nuv-va  il-li-cu 

76.  ri-tsu-us-su-un.     I-na  ta-mir-ti  'ir  Al-ta-ku-u 

77.  il-la-mu-a  si-i-dru  sit-cu-nu  ;  u-sa—lu 

78.  tuclati-su-un  ;  i-na  tuclat  Asur  bil-ya  it-ti-su-un 

79.  am-ta-kh-its-va  as-ka-can  hapic-ta-su-un. 

80.  Bili  narcabati  u  habli  sar  mat  Mu-tsu-ra-ai 

8 1.  a-di  bili  narcabati  sa  sar  mat  Mi-lukh-khi  bal-tu- 

su-un. 

82.  i-na  kabal  tam-kha-ri  ic-su-da  kata-ai. 

83.  'ir  Ta-am-na-a  al-vi  acsu-ud  as-lu-la  sal-la-sun. 


Col.  III. 

1.  A-na  'ir  Am-gar-ru-na  ac-rib-va  ;  saccanacci 

2.  rubbuti  sa  khi-idh-dhu  u-sab-su-u  a-duc-va 

3.  i-na  di-[im]-ti  si-khar-ti  'ira-lib  pag-ri-su-un  ; 

4.  habli  'ir  'ib-is  an-ni  u  cil-la-ti 

5.  a-na  sal-la-ti  am-nu  ;  si-it-tu-ti-su-nu 

6.  la  ba-ni  khi-dhi-ti  u  kul-lul-ti,  sa  ara[-ti] 

7.  la  ib-su-a,  us-sur-su-un  ak-bi.     Pa-di-i 

8.  sarra-su-nu  ul-tu  ci-rib  'ir  Ur-sa-li-im-mu 

9.  u-si-tsa-av-va,  i-na  cussu  bi-lu-ti  'ili-su-un 

10.  u-si-sib-va  man-da-at-tu  bi-lu-ti-ya 

11.  u-cin  tsi-ru-us-su  u  Kha-za-ki-a-hu 


22  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

12.  Ja-hu-da-ai  sa  la  iknu-su  a-na  ni-ri-ya  XXXX.  VI 

1 3.  irani-su  dan-nu-ti  duri  u  irani  tsakhruti 

14.  sa  li-vi-ti-su-nu  sa  ni-ba  la  isu-u 

15.  i-na  pat-bu-us  a-ram-mi  u  kit-ru-up  su-pi-i 

1 6.  BI.  KHU.   ZU.  UK.  SIBU.  BIL.  SI.  KHUL. 

RIS.  (?)  Kir-ban-nati 

17.  al-vi,  acsu-ud,  II.  C.M.  C.  L.  nisi  zicar  u  sin-nis, 

1 8.  susi,  pari-'i,  imiri,  gam-mali,  alpi 

19.  u  ts-i-'ini  sa  la  ni-bi  ul-tu-cir-bi-su-un  u-si-tsa-av-va 

20.  sal-la-tis  am-nu.     Sa-as-su  cima  its-tsur  ku-up-pi 

cirib  'ir  Ur-sa-li-im-mu 

21.  'ir  sarru-ti-su  'i-bu-su,  khal-tsi  kili-su 

22.  u-rac-cis-va  a-tsi-'i  babu  raba  'ir-su  u-tir-ra 

23.  ic-ci-bu-us.     Iri-su  sa  as-lu-la  ul-tu  ci-rib  mati-su 

24.  ab-tuc-va  a-na  Mi-ti-in-ti  sar  'ir  As-du-di, 

25.  Pa-di-i  sar  'ir  Am-gar-ru-na  u  Is-mi-bil 

26.  sar  'ir  Kha-zi-ti  ad-din-va  u-tsa-akh-khir  mat-su. 

27.  'Hi  bilat  makh-ri-ti  na-dan  cisid-ti-su-un 

28.  man-da-at-tu  cit-ri-'i  bi-lu-ti-ya  u-rad-di-va 

29.  u-cin  tsi-ru-us-su-un.     Su-u  Kha-za-ki-a-hu 

30.  pul-khi  mi-lav-vi  bi-lu-ti-ya  is-khu-pu-su-va 

3 1 .  nisi  ur-bi  u  tsabi-su-si  tsabi 

32.  sa  a-na  dun-nu-un  'ir  Ur-sa-li-im-mu  'ir 

33.  sarru-ti-su  u-si-ri-bu-va  ir-su-u  bi-la-a-ti 

34.  it-ti  xxx  bilat  khuratsa,  DCCC.  bilat  kaspa,  ni-sic- 

ti 

35.  ga-thi-li  DAG.  DAK.  SI.  abni  Za-sun-mi  rabiiti, 

36.  'its  X.  KA.  cussi  nimidi.  KA.  masac,  AM.  SI, 

37.  KA.  AM.  SI,  'its  dan,  'itsKU.  NIN.  TAK.  SU, 

ni-tsir-tav  ka-bid-tav 

38.  u  banati-su,  sicriti  'i-cal-su,  nisi  lub, 

39.  assati  lub  a-na  ci-rib  Ninua  'ir  bi-lu-ti-ya 

40.  arci-ya  u-si-bi-lav-va ;  a-na  na-dan  man-da-at-ti 

41.  u  'i-bis  ar-du-ti  is-pu-ra  rac-bu-su. 


I. 


Sennacherib,  the  king  of  nations,  the  king  of  the 
land  of  Assur,  sits  upon  his  high  (or  movable)  throne ; 
the  spoils  of  war  of  the  city  of  Lachish  before  him 
they  pass  by./ 

II. 

From  Elulaeus,  the  king  of  Zidon,  I  took  away  his 
kingdom;  I  lifted  Ethbaal  (Ethobal)  upon  his  throne 
and  imposed  upon  him  the  tribute  (due)  to  my  domin- 
ion ;  the  distant  territory  of  the  land  of  Judah,  Heze- 
kiah,  its  king,  I  forced  to  obediencej 


III. 

(34)  In  my  third  campaign  I  marched  against  the 
country  of  the  Hittites;  (35)  Elulaeus,  the  king  of  Zidon, 
him  overcame  the  mighty  terror  of  my  (36)  govern- 
ment, and  he  fled  far  away  in  the  midst  of  the  sea  ;  his 
territory  I  brought  into  subjection^  (38)  Zidon  the 
greater,  and  Zidon  the  lesser,  Bit-Zitti,  Sarepta, 
Machallib,  Shemesh,  Akzib  (Ekdippa),  Acco,  (41)  his 
fortified  cities  and  his  open  ones  (42)  and  unoc- 
cupied places,  his  beautiful  palaces,  (?)  (43)  (the  terror 


24  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

of  the  arms  of  Assur,  my  lord,  had  overcome  them) 
submitted  (44)  to  me.  I  placed  Ethbaal  upon  the 
kingly  throne  (45)  over  them,  and  the  payment  of  trib- 
ute to  my  dominion  (46)  I  levied  upon  him  as  a  contin- 
gent tax.  (47)  Menahem  of  Samaria,  Ethbaal  of  Zidon, 
Abdillit  of  Arvad,  Uruiski  of  Byblos,  Mitinti  of  Ash- 
dod,  Puduil  of  Ammon,  Kamuz-nadab  of  Moab,  Mali- 
kram  of  Edom,  (55)  all  the  kings  of  the  western  coun- 
try, near  the  frontiers  of  my  empire,  they  brought 
their  rich  presents  and  jewels  to  me  and  kissed  my 
feet. 

(58)  But  Zidka  of  Ascalon,  who  had  not  bent  him- 
self under  my  yoke  :  I  led  away  the  gods  of  the  house 
of  his  father,  himself,  (60)  his  wife,  his  sons,  his 
daughters,  his  brothers,  the  family  of  the  house  of  his 
father,  (61)  and  I  carried  them  into  Assyria.  (62)  Sar- 
ludari,  the  son  of  Rukibti,  their  former  king,  I  placed 
over  the  people  of  Ascalon,  and  imposed  upon  him 
the  payment  of  tribute,  and  he  offered  obedience.  In 
the  progress  of  my  campaign  I  marched  against  Beth- 
Dagon,  Joppe,  Banai-barka,  Hazor,  the  cities  of  Zidka, 
which  had  not  placed  (68)  themselves  in  subjection,  I 
took  them,  carried  away  their  spoils.  (69)  The  high  offi- 
cials, the  magnates  and  the  people  of  Acron,  (70)  who 
had  Padi,  their  king,  my  ally  and  vassal  of  Assur,  placed 
in  iron  fetters,  and  had  delivered  him  to  Hezekiah  of 
Judah  with  hostile  intentions  during  the  shades  of 
night:  (73)  their  hearts  trembled.  The  king  of  Egypt 
had  called  the  archers,  the  chariots,  the  horses  of  the 
king  of  Meroe  (Ethiopia),  (75)  an  innumerable  host, 
and  they  went  out  (76)  to  help  them.  In  the  presence 
of  Altaku  the  line  of  battle  had  been  arranged  oppo- 
site me.  They  called  upon  their  troops.  Trusting 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  25 

Assur,  my  lord,  I  fought  them  and  vanquished  them. 
The  charioteers  and  the  sons  of  the  Egyptian  king, 
together  with  the  charioteers  of  the  king  of  Meroe, 
(82)  my  hands  took  alive  captive  in  the  midst  of  the 
battle.  The  cities  Altaku  (and)  Timnah  I  attacked, 
captured  them,  carried  away  their  prisoners. 

Col.  III. 

(i)  Against  the  city  of  Acron  I  marched;  the  high- 
est officials,  (2)  the  magnates,  who  had  rebelled,  I 
killed.  (3)  Upon  poles  of  the  circumvallation  of  the 
city  their  bodies  I  hung  up.  (4)  The  sons  of  the  city 
(inhabitants),  who  had  committed  oppression  and  vio- 
lence, (5)  I  designed  for  transportation ;  the  remaining 
inhabitants,  (6)  who  had  taken  no  part  in  the  riot  and 
violence,  who  nothing  abominable  (7)  had  committed, 
their  amnesty  I  proclaimed.  I  effected  that  Padi, 
their  king,  Jerusalem  (9)  could  leave,  installed  him 
upon  his  throne  over  them,  and  imposed  upon  them 
ithe  tribute  due  to  my  dominion. 

But  Hezekiah  (12)  of  Judah,  who  would  not  place 
himself  in  subjection  :  (13)  forty-six  of  his  fortified 
cities,  numerous  castles,  and  small  places  ;  (14)  which 
were  situated  in  their  reach,  (15)  I  subdued  with  .... 
and  the  attack  ....  with  battering  engines  (17)!  made  an 
assault  on  them,  took  them,  200,150  people,  males  and 
females,  (18)  horses,  mules,  asses,  camels,  cattle  (19)  and 
sheep  without  number  I  carried  away  from  them  (20) 
and  declared  them  to  be  spoils  of  war^v  Himself  I  in- 
closed like  a  bird  in  a  cage  in  Jerusalem,  (21)  his  royal 
city.  Fortifications  I  built  against  them ;  (22)  the 
egress  of  the  great  gate  of  his  city  I  let  (by  my  sol- 


26  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

diers)  (23)  open  by  violence.  His  cities,  the  [inhab- 
itants] of  which  I  had  taken  prisoners,  (24)  I  cut  off 
from  his  territory  and  gave  them  to  Mitinti,  the  king  of 
Ashdod,  .(25)  Padi,  the  king  of  Ekron,  and  Ismibil,  (26) 
the  king  of  Gaza;  I  diminished  his  territory  also.  (27) 
To  the  former  tribute  I  added,  as  tribute  of  subjection 
under  my  rule,  a  tax  upon  their  private  property, 
(29)  and  imposed  such  upon  them.  Him,  Hezekiah,  a 
great  panic  seized  him  (on  account  of  my  power), 
[likewise]  (31)  the  garrisons  and  his  people,  which  he 
had  taken  in  for  the  defense  of  Jerusalem,  his  royal 
city.  Thus  he  agreed  to  pay  tribute,  (34)  namely,  30 
talents  of  gold,  800  talents  of  silver,  works  in  metal  [?], 
reddish-glistening  stones  ....  large  jewels,  (36)  .... 
wood,  coverings  for  beautiful  chairs  [sedans],  articles 
made  from  the  skin  of  buffaloes,  (37)  teeth  of  buffaloes, 
dan-wood,  ku-wood,  rich  treasures ;  (38)  Likewise  I 
commanded  his  daughters,  the  ladies  of  his  palace, 
the  male  and  female  servants  of  his  harem,  to  be 
brought  to  me  to  Nineveh,  my  royal  residence.  (40) 
For  the  payment  of  the  tribute  and  for  the  assurance 
of  submission  he  did  send  his  legate. 


I<exi(5kl 


We  will  now  attempt  to  consider  this  short  inscrip- 
tion, found  over  the  bas-relief  of  Sennacherib,  not  only 
philologically,  but  also  graphically,  because  both  bas-re- 
lief and  inscription  in  the  original  cuneiform  charac- 
ters are  so  well-known  in  America,  and  therefore 
easily  accessible.1  The  first  sign  in  the  Inscription 
above,  a  single  wedge,  denotes  a  proper  noun ;  it  is 
what  we  call  a  determinative.  It  has  no  phonetic  value, 

i  See  Layard  :  Babylon  and  Nineveh,  second  expedition,  p.   152,  and 
Smith's  Bible  Dictionary,  vol.  III.  p.  2171  (American  Edition). 


28  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

at  least  not  here,  and  as  soon  as  it  stands  as  determin- 
ative ;  therefore  it  must  not  be  read.  I  have  forgotten 
who  was  the  first  scholar  that  found  out  the  true 
meaning  of  this  sign  (it  has  besides  the  phonetic  value 
of  tis  resp.  dis),  at  all  events  it  was  one  of  the  first  dis- 
coveries. Determinative  signs  are  not  alone  found  in 
Assyrian  cuneiform  writings,  but  also  in  Egyptian 
hieroglyphs ;  there  are  determinatives  for  man,  woman, 
for  cities,  for  rivers,  for  countries,  for  gods,  nations,  etc. 
Here,  in  our  inscription,  this  wedge  announces  before- 
hand that  the  following  word  will  be  the  name  of  a  man, 
and  we  shall  see,  right  away,  the  name  of  a  king  of  As- 
syria. The  second  sign  stands  for  the  idea  "god, "  As- 
syrian ilu.  The  meaning  of  this  ideographic  sign  is 
proved  by  the  trilingual  inscriptions ;  there  it  always 
corresponds  with  the  Old  Persian  baga,  god ;  the  pho- 
netic value  is  evident  by  a  comparison  with  other 
inscriptions  (see  Grotefend,  Gottingen  Gelehrte  An- 
zeigen,  1850).  In  the  well-known  Bellino  inscription 
it  is  given  by  i-lu,  also  in  the  word  Bab-ilu  (Babylon). 
The  clearest  proof,  finally,  is  found  in  the  often  quoted 
syllabaries  (No.  754).  There  it  is  also  given  as  i-lu. 
In  a  great  many  passages  this  sign  has  no  phonetic 
value,  and  therefore  is  not  to  be  read ;  it  only  indicates 
that  the  following  word  is  the  name  of  a  god.  That 
is  the  case  here.  Let  us  now  consider  the  name. 
Here  I  will  say  that  the  reading  of  this  and  many 
more  Assyrian  names  has,  in  the  first  place,  been  dis- 
covered by  a  sort  of  sharp,  historical  guessing.  The 
names  of  most  Assyrian  and  Babylonian  kings  are 
written  ideographically,  and  if  it  had  not  been  for  the 
historical  combination,  and  what  J.  Oppert  calls  a 
dichiffrement  par  '  n&cessiti  philologique,  perhaps  the 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  29 

phonetic  value  of  this  and  many  other  names  would  be 
still  a  secret.    The  first  decipherers  found  this  name  (for 
nobody  doubted  that  a  royal  name  would  follow,  after 
the  determinative    for  man)    repeatedly  in  close  con- 
nection with   such  phonetically  written  and   therefore 
clearly   understood    words   as     Ursalimmu   (D'btPYT), 
Jerusalem,   the     Hebrew    king    Khazakaijhu    (Heze- 
kiah,    Vrpm   or   mprn),  the    king    of    the    land    of 
Musuri    (Mizraim    Egypt,   D^VD),    and     Milukh-khi 
(Meroe,  the  two    liquids,  /  and  r,  often  interchange). 
Now,  nothing  in  the  world  was  more  natural  than  to 
think  on  this  well-known  Assyrian  king  Sennacherib, 
(Sanherib)  for  the  Old  Testament  mentions  him  twice 
as  being  at  war  with  those  quoted  kings  and  cities. 
The  third  sign,  the  first  of  the  proper  noun,  has  two  pho- 
netic values,  is  and  sin,  that  we  do  know  from  the  syllaba- 
ries and  from    comparing  various  inscriptions.      The 
determinative  indicates  that  the  name  will  commence 
with  the  name  of  a  god,  but  which  one  ?    We  know  of 
none  in  the  Assyrian   Pantheon  who  is  called  />,  but 
as  Hesychius  speaks  of  the  moon-god  Sin,  it  is  very 
plausible  now  that  this  king's  name  will  commence  with 
Sin  .....  .      All  of  my  readers  know  that  in  Arabic, 

Hebrew,  Greek,  etc.,  many  proper  nouns  are  composed 
of  names  of  deities,  with  some  other  phrase  (comp.  Jona- 
than, Jehovah  has  given,  Abdallah,  a  servant  of  Allah. 
Dorothea,  gift  of  God,  Christlieb,  loving  Christ,  etc.). 
Sign  4  is  a  pretty  hard  nut  ;  but  fortunately  there  are 
the  syllabaries,  of  which,  of  course,  I  have  no  time  to 
speak  ;  they  will  help  us  out  of  the  dilemma.  There 
we  find  our  sign  explained  as  meaning  akhi,  brothers, 
plur.  from  akh,  Hebrew  root  HnN,  frater  et  amicus 
fuit,  Ges.  1.  c.  63.  We  have  already  an  important  por- 


UNIVERSITY 


30  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

tion  of  the  name,  Sin-akhi-;  let  us  now  take  the  fol- 
lowing character  for  close  inspection.  These  six 
wedges  are  found  in  the  syllabaries  to  mean  irib  (comp. 
Schrader  1.  c.  27),  from  the  root  ("13*1,  to  multiply;  irib 
is  therefore  the  third  pers.  sing.  Imp.  Kal.  We  have 
at  last  Sin-akhi-irib,  Sinakhirib,  Sin  multiplies  brothers, 
Sin  gives  many  brothers.  But  does  not  this  Sinakhi- 
rib resemble  the  Hebrew  D'^rOD  as  one  egg  does  the 
other  ? 

Now  for  the  next  sign,  number  six — two  hooks  ;  it  is 
a  polyphonic  character,  it  has  the  phonetic  value  of  man, 
of  nis,  of  sarru  pB>  =  king,  sar  is  the  status  construc- 
tus),  all  this  we  know  by  way  of  comparison.  This 
sign  appears  in  the  first  line  twice.  Oriental,  and  also 
Occidental  kings,  have  been  always  in  the  habit  of 
enumerating  after  their  names  their  titles.  Especially 
the  stereotyped  phrase  of  the  Assyrian  rulers  was  to  call 
themselves  "kings,"  "great  kings,"  "the  king  of 
kings,"  "  kings  of  etc."  A  good,  sharp  guesser  might 
conjecture  now  that  something  like  a  title  would  fol- 
low. Sar  is  one  of  the  four  or  five  phonetic  values 
of  this  sign  ;  sar  means  now  king ;  there  we  have  it. 
It  is  very  peculiar  that  sar  and  melek,  both  equally  found 
in  all  Semitic  dialects,  seem  in  Hebrew  and  Assyrian 
to  have  changed  their  roles :  sar  in  Hebrew  means 
rather  a  subordinate  prince,  and  melek  supreme  ruler  ; 
in  Assyrian  it  is  just  the  reverse,  at  least  'the  Assyr- 
ian rulers  always  call  themselves  sarri.  (Apropos,  a 
further  meaning  of  this  sign  under  discussion  is  the 
numeral  twenty  ;  see  Menant :  Recueil  des  Alphabets 
pour  sevoir  a  la  lecture  et  r interpretation  des  ecritures 
cun.  Parish)  The  next  sign  is  a  double  wedge ;  as 
ideogram  it  has  the  value  of  SU,  but  that  gives  no 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  3! 

sense  ;     Sennacherib,  king  of  Su,  king  of No, 

that  won't  do.  Very  well,  let  us  see  what  the  syllaba- 
ries say.  Surely — there  we  find  that  this  sign  is  equiv- 
alent to  the  two  syllables  kis-sat,  kissat.  In  Ges.  thes. 
phil.tcan  be  found  no  root  HDD  but  a  root  D3J,  with 
the  meaning,  collegit,  congregavit ;  kissat,  a  noun 
with  the  feminine  termination  of  the  plural  signifies, 
therefore,  a  host,  a  multitude,  a  nation.  Often  in  the 
standard-inscription  is  it  found,  "  king  of  hosts,"  "  king 
of  multitudes,"  "king  of  nations." 

The  next  sign  (8),  three  small  arrow-heads,  is  often 
met  in  cuneiform  inscriptions.  By  comparison  we  find 
it  in  the  name  Ar-tak-sat-su,  standing  in  the  third  place, 
means,  therefore,  sat;  in  Di-ig-lat  it  means  lat ;  besides 
that,  it  means  also  kur,  mat.  Now,  to  some  of  my  read- 
ers it  may  seem  rather  strange  that  such  a  small,  insigni- 
ficant sign  should  express  four  or  five  different  ideas  ; 
but  it  is,  nevertheless,  true,  and  after  all  not  so  very 
incredible.  Even  in  English  we  have  many  polypho- 
nous  signs ;  e.  g.,  X,  that  means  10  (ten],  it  means  cross 
(X  roads),  it  means  Christ  (Xmas\  it  means  times 
(33:3=9),  it  means  Ex  (X  press),  it  means,  who  knows 
what  more.  If  we  now  look  and  try  what  fits  best  in 
our  text,  we  find  mat  means  land — in  fact,  it  is  again 
and  again  used  as  the  very  determinative  for  names 
of  countries.  Now  for  the  last  character  in  the  first 
line.  We  have  :  Sennacherib,  the  king  of  multitudes 

(or  nations),  the  king  of  the  land  of Who  in 

the  world  expects  now  anything  else  than  Assyria? 
By  way  of  comparison,  it  was  found  that  the  phonetic 
value  of  this  ideograph  is  Asur,  for  it  is  repeatedly 
phonetically  written  A-sur.  The  first  line,  I  hope,  is 
now  clear  to  all. 


32  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

Second  line  :  first,  a  solitary  wedge,  having  the  phon. 
value  of  as\  of  ruv,  of  dil;  sometimes  it  stands  for  Assur, 
has  consequently  the  same  phonetic  value  as  the  last 
sign  in  the  first  line ;  further  it  means  habal,  son ; 
finally  it  means  ina,  a  prep.,  upon.  By  comparing  the 
various  syllabaries, parallel  texts,  bilingual '&&&  trilingual 
inscriptions,  etc.,  the  meanings  of  all  these  phonetic 
values  can  be  so  settled  that  not  even  a  shadow  of 
doubt  remains.  The  second  sign  corresponds  in  the 
trilingual  inscription  to  the  Old  Persian  gathu,  throne  ; 
its  phonetic  value  is  clear  from  a  syllabary ;  there  it 
is  written,  cu-us-su,  cussu,  Hebrew  NDD.  It  is,  of 
course,  not  possible  to  enumerate  and  describe  all  the 
different  manipulations,  etc.,  which  were  required  to 
reach  such  results ;  every  one  can  see  how  intricate 
the  process  has  been. 

Signs  4,  5,  6,  are  all  plain  syllables,  ni-mi-di;  the 
root  is  "1J70,  after  Schrader,  or  as  Oppert  says  110> 
or  rather  "VJD  (see  below).  The  first  root  would  give 
us  the  'meaning  of  high,  the  second  that  of  movable. 
The  following  sign  means  u  or  also  va,  the  Hebrew  \ 
a  simple  syllable.  The  next,  two  wedges,  by  compari- 
son we  find  also  written  si-ib,  that  is  sib  or  sip ;  the 
last  stands  for  va  or  ba\  the  whole  word  is  now  u-sib-va 
=usibva=usiba,  third  per.  sing.  Impf.  Kal  from  D£^N» 
Hebrew  3t?',  to  dwell,  to  sit.  The  whole  line  reads 
now  :  Upon  a  movable  throne  he  sits. 

The  third  line.  Signs  i,  2,  3,  sal-la-at.  No.  i,  sal,  is 
explained  by  a  comparison  with  the  so-called  Korsabad 
Inscription,  where  it  is  written  phonetically  sa-al;  la 
and  at  are  both  written  phonetically.  Salat  is  a  noun 
from  /7C?,  spoliavit,  to  carry  away,  therefore,  spoil, 
booty.  The  fourth  sign  in  this  line  is  the  well  known 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  33 


ideograph  for  Vr,  Hebrew  TV.  city  ;  by  comparing,  etc., 
it  is  made  clear.  The  three  last  characters  signify  la- 
ki-su.  The  Assyrians  were  in  the  habit  of  writing 
foreign  words,  especially  proper  nouns,  phonetically, 
with  simple  syllables.  Doubtless  the  well-known  city 
Lachish,  in  the  southern  part  of  Judah,  near  the  con- 
fines of  Egypt,  is  meant  ;  perhaps,  the  place  now  called 
Um-Lakhis,  not  far  from  Eglon. 

In  the  last  line  we  have  only  two  words.  The  first 
syllable,  ma,  is  written  phonetically,  the  second,  kha, 
likewise,  and  so  is  the  third,  ar,  and  the  fourth,  su.  (In 
the  copy  of  the  Inscription  which  I  have  before  me, 
there  seems  to  be  a  mistake,  but  see  note  at  the  end 
of  this  chapter.  If  Rawlinson's  great  work  was  not 
so  expensive,  I  would  soon  find  what  is  right.)  Ma- 
kha-ar,  makhar,  is  a  preposition,  means  coram,  before. 
Root  ^nD  =  ~\nD,  festinavit;  su  is  the  affixed  pronoun 
of  the  first  person.  •  The  last  three  signs,  'i-ti-ik,  are  all 
phonetically  written,  itik  third  per.  sing.  Impf.  Kal. 
from  pHJf  comp.  the  Talmudic  p'njfn,  est  transcrip- 
tus,  to  move  along,  pass  by.  Schrader  translates  here  : 
he  takes  for  himself  .  I  do  not  agree  to  that  —  better  is: 
the  spoils  of  the  city  of  Lachish  before  him  they  pass  by. 

Now  let  us  sum  up  :  The  most  difficult  word  was 
the  first,  Sennacherib,  because  written  as  ideogram, 
but  the  rest  of  these  four  lines,  both  as  regards  the 
phonetic  values  of  the  arrow-headed  characters,  as 
also  the  meanings  of  the  words,  is  very  easy,  and,  I 
trust,  clear  to  every  one.  Of  course,  it  has  cost  not 
alone  time,  but  also  study,  and  imagination,  and  most 
of  all  a  judicious  application  of  historical  and  philo- 
logical combinations  .  With  the  helps  published  in  Lon- 
don, Paris,  and  Leipzig,  every  Semitist  will  be  able 
.3 


34  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

correctly,  but,  of  course,  slowly,  to  read  and  under- 
stand Assyrian  records. 

After  the  preceding  notes  had  been  written  down,  I 
found  in  the  New  York  Nation  two  notices,  one  by 
Rev.  Selah  Merrill,  of  Andover,  the  other  an  answer 
by  the  editor.  Mr.  Merrill  corrects  Smith's  Bible  Dic- 
tionary, but  the  editor  of  the  Nation  corrects  Mr.  Mer- 
rill. With  regard  to  the  second  word  in  the  second 
line  of  our  inscription,  the  editor  says:  "  Schrader 
suggests  the  derivation  from  ma  ad,  to  be  great,  but  this 
root,  in  Assyrian,  as  in  Hebrew,  never  refers  to  size, 
height,  but  to  quantity,  strong,  much,  exceedingly,  and 
could  hardly  produce  a  derivative  meaning  high,  for 
which  we  have  the  familiar  Assyrian  word  illu. 
Besides,  the  prefix  n  by  no  means  generally  gives  the 
''passive"  sense,  nor  could  it,  from  the  intransitive 
ma  ad,  give  a  passive  nimidi,  any  more  than  nimiqui, 
mysterious,  can  be  passive  from  a  root  emiq,  to  be  deep. 
The  connection  in  this  and  other  passages  makes  it 
quite  as  likely  that  its  root  is  mot,  or  ma  ad,  to  move, 
to  shake,  and  that  it  indicates  the  movable  throne  or 
sedan,  carried  by  the  kings  on  their  journeys." 

I  have  quoted  this  passage,  because,  coming  from  an 
American  source,  it  is  very  acceptable,  and  shows  that 
undoubtedly  soon  American  scholars  will  also  claim  a 
voice  in  Assyriology.* 

*  It  is  here,  perhaps,  the  place  to  say,  that  both  in  Layard's  book  and  in 
Smith's  Dictionary,  the  Lachish  inscription  is  faulty.  In  the  wood-cut 
which  I  had  made  I  have  altered  two  signs,  not  because  I  had  a  correct 
copy  before  me,  but  because  I  could  find  nowhere  the  characters  given 
by  Layard.  Therefore,  by  way  of  a  little  guessing  and  hazardous  con- 
jecturing, I  made  the  change.  Those  of  my  learned  friends  who  have 
access  to  Rawlinson's  In.  of  W.  A.  will  be  able  to  see  how  far  I  have 
been  right  or  wrong.  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  receive  information  on  that 
point. 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  35 


II. 


Lull,  Geo.  Rawlinson  spells  his  name  Luliya,  a  king 
of  Zidon,  no  doubt  the  same  whom  Menander  (Joseph. 
Ant.  Jud.  ix,  14)  calls  Elulaeus,  but  not  the  Elulaeus  of 
Ptolemy's  canon  ;  Tsiduni,  Sidon,  or  Zidon,  pT¥  ; 
'ikim  first  pers.  sing,  Impft.  Kal  from  DDK  =  DpJ,  ultus 
est,  vindicavit ;  to  take  away ;  sarrat-su,  his  king- 
dom, "W,  princeps  fuit,  in  Assyrian  sarru,  king,  sar- 
rat,  queen,  sarruti,  kingdom  ;  su  is  suffix  of  third  pers. 
Tubalu,  Ithobal,  SjDnX  (I  Kings  xvi,  31),  Ethbaal ; 
ina,  prep.,  in,  at,  upon,  Hebrew  3 ;  cussu,  already 
explained ;  usisib,  first  pers.  sing.  impf.  Shaf.,  from  the 
root  DtPN,  sedit,  to  place  somebody;  mandattu,  tribute, 
root,  )i"0,  to  give,  Persian  bdji;  biluti-ya,  bilat,  domin- 
ion, ti,  phonetic  complement,  ya,  suffix  of  the  first 
person :  r.  of  course  ^JH,  lord,  is  written  often  ideog. ; 
ts^russ^l,  prep,  tsir,  upon,  (conf.  "1)¥,  rock)  with  suffix 
of  third  pers. — usalbit,  first  pers.  Impft.  Shafel  of  labat 
,  flexit,  plexit,  than  embrace,  impose  upon ;  rapsu 
=  £HD,  separavit,  distinxit,  here  an  adjective,  far, 
distant;  nagu,  district,  Arab,  root,  nagawa,  territory; 
mat,  already  explained ;  Jahudu,  Judah,  Hebrew  rniJT, 
written  phonet. ;  Khazakiahu,  Hezekiah  ;  sar  su,  its 
king;  ^imid,  first  pers.  Impft.  Kal  from  "1EJ7,  transit. in 
Assyrian,  to  impose;  absan,  subst,  root  in  Arabic, 
abasan,  to  bring  in  subjection,  comp.  also,  Hebrew 
COD,  to  trample  down,  Schrader  translates  :  zwang 
zum  gehorsam.  Oppert  renders  absan  with  pietas. 
This  word  is  not  entirely  clear  to  my  mind. 


36  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

III. 
TAYLOR'S  CLAY  CYLINDER. 


(34.)  Ina,  preposition  "  in ";  salsi,  "  three,"  salsai, 
"  the  third,"  which  is  expected.  The  Assyrian  numer- 
als, with  few  exceptions,  are  the  same  as  in  other 
Semitic  languages.  See  Sayce,  Assyrian  gr.,  page  131, 
and  Schrader,  page  243.  Girri,  "  expedition,"  "cam- 
paign," Arabic,  garrah ;  yais  the  prefixed  possessive 
pronoun  of  the  first  person.  I  give  here  in  short  these 
pronouns,  because  they  appear  so  often. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

First  pers.  com.       ya  my.  nu       (ni)     our. 

2d       pers.  mas.       ca  thy.  cunu  your. 

2d       pers.  fern.      (ei)  thy.  (cina)  your. 

3d       pers.  mas.       su  his.  sunu,  sunut,  their. 

3d       pers.  fern,  sa  (si)  her.  sinat  (miit)  their. 

Ana,  preposition,  "toward,"  "against";  like  the 
Hebrew  ^,  it  corresponds  to  the  Dative  in  the  Old 
Persian  in  the  trilingual  inscriptions.*  Mat,  "land," 
forms  in  Assyrian  two  plurals,  one  mascul.,  mati,  and 
one  fern.,  matat,  analogous  to  the  Hebrew  jamot  and 
jamim,  etc.  Khatti,  u  Hittites,"  so  called  from  CHET,  or 
KHET,  a  son  of  Canaan.  The  Assyrians  understood 

*To  avoid  expense  and  typographical  difficulties  I  have  used,  as  much 
as  possible,  English  type,  even  for  Hebrew  words  and  roots.  Every 
Semitist  will  recognize  the  word,  even  in  a  modern  dress. 


SENNACHERIBS    CAMPAIGN.  37 

under  KHATTI  all  westward  living  Aramaeans,  in  the 
widest  sense  of  the  word.  In  an  inscription  of  ESAR- 
HADDON  (mentioned  in  2  Kings,  xix,  37),  twenty-two 
tributary  kings  of  the  Khatti  are  enumerated,  who  all 
were  living  either  in  Syria,  Phoenicia,  or  Palestine; 
lu,  "  indeed,"  "  truly,"  Ethiop.  lal,  "  ipse  ";  allik,  first  pers. 
sing.  Impft.  Kal.,  from  the  root  halak.  On  the  As- 
% Syrian  Verb,  see  especially  Sayce.  1.  c.  p.  48  seq. 

(35.)  Lull.  Fox  TALBOT  spells  this  name  in  his  trans- 
lation Luliah ;  GEO.  SMITH,  Elulias*  Here  is,  perhaps, 
the  place  to  say,  that  GEO.  SMITH,  of  the  British  Mu- 
seum, has  found  in  his  recent  explorations  in  Assyria 
and  Mesopotamia  a  third,  larger  inscription  of  SENNA- 
CHERIB, called  Cylinder  C,  relating  the  story  of  this  king's 
expedition  into  Syria.  SMITH  says  in  his  just  published 
book:  "Assyrian  Discoveries.  New  York:  Scribner,  Arm- 
strong &  Co.,  1875":  "This  cylinder  is,  in  fact,  an 
octagonal  prism  ;  the  text  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
Taylor  cylinder,  and  its  value  consists  in  the  fact  that 
it  is  intermediate  in  date  between  the  Bellino  and  the 

Taylor  cylinder It  has  the  records  of  four  wars, 

two  more  than  the  Bellino,  and  four  less  than  the  Tay- 
lor." In  the  following  notes  I  will  give,  if  I  think  it  is 
necessary,  the  various  readings  of  TALBOT  and  SMITH.! 
Pulkhi,  "  fear,"  from  a  root,  which  is  found  also  in  Aram. 

*  Names  or  words  already  explained  upon  the  preceding  pages  are,  of 
course,  not  a  second  time  taken  up.  Proper  names  I  intend  to  analyze, 
and,  if  possible,  identify  with  Biblical  or  classical  references,  at  the  end  of 
this  chapter. 

•fin  one  or  two  instances  the  Bellino  Cylinder  gives  us  some  details 
which  neither  Taylor's  nor  Smith's  have  preserved ;  e.  g.,  "  Elulaeus 
seeks  refuge  in  the  Land  of  Jatnan."  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  island 
of  Cyprus  is  meant,  because  cities  such  as  Idalium,  Citium,  Salamis,  etc., 
are  named  as  being  situated  upon  this  island.  Jatnan  is  perhaps  the 
same  as  Caphthor.  but  see  STUART  POOLE,  in  Smith's  Bible  Dictionary. 


38  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

milavi,    from    maid,    "  full,"    then    "  whole,"    "  mighty." 

(36.)  Bilutiya,  explained  in  the  Constantinople  inscrip- 
tion. Iskhupusu,  "  to  throw  to  the  ground,"  from  the 
root  sakhaph ;  very  often  used  in  Assyrian ;  F.  T. 
translates  :  "  had  overwhelmed  him.  "Anna  rued,  "  in  a 
distance,"  "  to  a  distant  spot,"  root  is  raJchok. 

(37.)  Kabal,  "fight,"  "battle,"  it  also  means  "the 
midst,"  written  both  as  an  ideogr.  and  phonetically. 
Tihamtiv,  root  taham,  "  sea,"  Hebrew,  tahom ;  innabit, 
niph.  of  nabat,  "to  fly";  imid,  see  above.  SCHRADER 
translates:  "I  brought  in  subjection";  SMITH:  "I 
took  ";  TALBOT:  "  I  entered." 

(38.)  Rdbu-j  "great,"  from  rO~l,  adjective ;  there  is  also 
found  a  noun,  rabu,  and  the  plural,  rabidi,  "  the  mag- 
nates." Tsikhru,  also  found  tsakhru,  "  little,"  comp.  tsir. 

(41.)  Durani,  dur,  "dwelling-place,"  also  "castle," 
TH.  Assariti,  plural,  fern,  of  asar.  SMITH  and  TAL- 
BOT translate,  "  walled,"  SCHRADER,  "  open,"  "  even,"  root, 
jashar.  Dannuti  or  dannu,  adjective,  "  strong,"  root,  damn. 
U  or  va,  copula  "  and." 

(42.)  Nucit,  perhaps,  plural  of  nuci,  ^  to  be  clean, '? 
then,  "to  be  free  of  soldiers,"  "unoccupied";  differ- 
ently SMITH  and  TALBOT:  "  fenced/'  "  enclosed."  Rat- 
lot,  "villa,"  "beautiful  edifice,"  Arabic,  ratal.  Rarub, 
"  terror.7'  JULES  OPPERT  translates  this  whole  passage 
thus:  "  Les  grand es  villes,  les  citadelles,  les  places  de 
pelerinage  et  de  de  votion,  les  temples,  tout  etait  terrifie 
par  la  gloire  d'Assour,  mon  maitre;  ils  se  rendirent  a 
moi."  SCHRADER  and  the  Englishmen  enclose  rarubi 
Asur  lilya  iskhiibusumdi  in  brackets.  Iskhubn,  third  pers. 
sing.  Impft  Kal,  "he  took  entirely,"  TALBOT,  "had 
overcome,"  GEO.  SMITH,  "  overwhelmed  ";  root  sakhah. 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  39 

Icnusit,  third  pers.  sing,  and  also  plural  Impft.  Kal  from 
canash,  u  they  made  submission." 

(44.)  Sibu,  Aram.  "  foot,-'  then  used  as  a  prep.  "  un- 
der." Hi,  prep.,  the  Hebrew  ^V ;  sometimes,  also, 
used  together  with  other  prepositions,  for  instance,  ana 
Hi,  ina  Hi,  etc.,  "  over."  Usisib,  Shafel,  from  root  ashabh, 
Hebrew  jashabh,  "to  place."  Va,  conj.  "  that,"  often 
enclitical.  Bilat,  a  noun,  from  abal,  Hebrew,/^/,  "to 
carry/'  "  to  bring.7'  * 

(46.)  Omdti  "  spoil,"  ''tax."  SMITH  translates  :  "  And 
taxes  and  tribute  to  my  dominion,  yearly,  unceasing, 

I  fixed  upon  him."     F.  TALBOT:   "  A  fixed  tribute  to 
my  majesty,  paid  yearly  without  fail,  I  imposed  upon 
him."   Ulamat,  ohm,  "eternity.7'      Vein,  first  pers.  sing. 
Impft.  Af.  of  cun,  "  I  placed,7'  "  I  imposed.77     Tsirussu, 
already  explained  in  the  Constantinople  inscription. 

(47.)  8a,  relative  pronoun  ;  compare  the  Hebrew 
asher  and  C',  GES.  th.  ph.  p.  1344  seq.  Calisun,  He- 
brew col,  "all.7'  Sidi,  "limits,77  comp.  Arabic,  sada, 
"terminus.7''  TALBOT  leaves  this  word  untranslated. 
SatM  =  sitlut,  "  dominion,77  root,  salat.  Tamartu,  "  pre- 
sents,7' properly,  what  has  been  exhibited,  "  Schau- 
stiick.77  from  namar,  "to  see.77  Cabidtu,  adj.,  "heavy,77 
"rich,77  from  cabed,  ''to  be  heavy,7'  also  in  Hebrew. 
Adi"  until,77  often  connected  with  Hi  set,  "  until  that,77 
"  during.77  Sasu,  comp.  Hebrew  sasas  and  sasah,  here  a 
noun,  "property,77  "treasury.77  Tssimuva,  third  pers. 
plur.  Impft.  of  nasa.  This  form  is  rather  irregular. 
Schrader  speaks  here  of  a  nun  epentheticum  ;  it  means 

II  they  brought.77     IssiJcu,  from  nasak,  third  pers.  plur. 
Kal,   "they  kissed,77  the    same  in    Hebrew.     Sipd,  a 
noun  in  dual,  written  in  the  cuneiform  text  as  ideogr. ; 


40  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

• 

it  means  ''both  feet,"  or  only  u  feet,"  see  Ges.  1.  c.  p. 


(58.)  Nisu,  "man,"  plur.  nisi;  in  the  Old  Persian 
martiya,  Hebrew,  ish.  Nir  means  originally  "yoke," 
but  also  used  as  preposition  "  under."  In  the  follow- 
ing lines  we  are  made  acquainted  with  the  Assyrian 
names  of  many  of  the  family  relationships,  all  more  or 
less  easily  explained  with  the  help  of  the  Hebrew  or 
Syriac.  Abi,  "father,"  Hebrew  DN.  Saw,  root,  shasha, 
"  ille,"  u  himself"  Assat,  li  .woman,"  Hebrew,  isha.  Ha- 
bal,  u  son,"  Old  Persian,/>w^ra  ;  the  root  wherefrom  habal 
comes  seems  to  mean  "to  create."  Banat,  plur.  of  bintu, 
"daughter,"  see  SCHRADER  in  ZEITSCH.  d.  D.  M.  G.  xxvi, 
p.  193.  Akhu,  ''  brother.  Zir,  "seed,"  "race";  Hebrew, 
zerah.  Urassu,  first  pers.  com.  Impft.  cum  surf,  from 
arah,  resp.jardk,  "jecit,"  then  it  means  also  "forcibly  to 
carry  away."  Assukhava,  first  pers.  Impft.  of  naaakh,  "  to 
remove." 

(62.)  Makkru,  'l  former,"  comp.  Hebrew,  makhar  ;  as- 
cunva,  from  mean,  first  pers.  sing.  Impft.  Kal.,  "  I  made." 
"  I  placed  "  ;  citri'i,  a  noun  formed  from  the  I  ft.  of  the 
verb  cam,  u  to  bend  himself,"  therefore,  "  submission  "  ; 
isadh  or  isudh,  Impft.  Kal.  of  s-6dh,  u  to  follow."  "  to  be 
obedient  "  ;  from  this  root  is  formed  absan,  "  obedience," 
root  still  in  Arabic  abasa,  "  to  subject"  (?). 

(65.)  Milik,  noun,  from  atak,  "  to  proceed,"  therefore, 
"the  course"'  in  Hebrew  u  to  advance";  ana  niriya, 
"  under  my  yoke."  F.  TALBOT  translates  this,  passage 
thus:  "which  to  my  feet  homage  had  not  rendered." 
SMITH,  exactly  the  same.  SCHRADER,  whom  I  have 
followed,  differs.  The  ideogram  which  is  used  in  the 
cuneiform  text  for  the  word  niriya,  can  also  be  read 
sipaya.  I  have  already  said,  in  the  introduction,  that 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  41 

in  Assyrian  we  often  meet  polyphones.  Hipaya  is 
already  explained ;  it  means  "  feet."  Both  readings 
make  good  sense  ;  but  since  I  see  that  TALBOT  and 
SMITH  adopt  the  later  reading,  I  do  not  hesitate  to 
adopt  also  their  explanation. 

(68.)  Ardu;  it  ought  to  be  artu,  "  obedience,"  from 
arat,  or  jurat .  La.  negative  particle.  Hebrew  5O, 
"not";  aim,  first  pers.  sing.  Impft.  Kal,  *'  I  besieged," 
from  the  root  lavdh;  acsud,  "  I  took,"  first  pers.  sing. 
Impft.  Kal,  from  root  casat,  very  often  used  in  the  war 
reports  of  the  Assyrian  kings.  Aslula,  ''  I  carried  off." 
first  pers.  Impft.  Kal,  from  salal;  the  same  root  pro- 
duces the  noun  salati,  "booty  "  ;  sallassun,  instead  of  sal- 
latsun,  the  t  assimilated  to  s ;  Hebrew,  "  spoliavit," 
"diripuit."  Saccanaccu,  a  noun,  written  ideograph- 
ically  "  vice-king,"  "  high  officials, "  or,  as  others  take 
it,  u  high-priest."  Adii,  noun,  from  a  root  adah,  like 
jadah,  means  properly,  "  recognition,"  then  also,  "  faith." 
"  submission  " ;  mabad,  from  the  root  abad,  "to  be  sub- 
missive"; comp.  another  inscription  in  LAYARD,  73, 
1 6.  Samsi  sarat  mat  Aribi  sa  mabad  Samas  titiku,  i.  e., 
"  Samsieh,  queen  of  the  Arabs,  who  had  devoted  her- 
self to  the  service  of  the  Sun-god." 

(71.)  Casritu.  "fetters,"  comp.  the  Hebrew  casar, 
"  to  bind  "  ;  parzilla,  "  iron,"  Hebrew, parz&l ;  iddu,  from 
nadah.  ''to  put  on,"  comp.  Hebrew  nadah,  "trusit"; 
nacris.  an  adverb,  from  the  root  nacar,  "to  be  hostile  "; 
therefore  nacir,  "an  enemy";  tsilli,  plur.  of  tsil, 
"shadow,"  Hebrew,  tsel.  There  is  a  difference  between 
the  authors  which  I  have  before  me.  If  I  were  so 
happy  as  to  possess  OPPERT'S  text,  or  RAWLINSON'S  I. 
of  W.  A.,  I  might,  perhaps,  express  an  opinion  of  my 
own,  but  I  must  take  what  SCHRADER  transcribes.  He 


42  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

translates:  "  Und  dem  Hizkia  von  Juda  in  feindlicher 
Absicht  im  Schhatten  der  Nacht  iiberliefert  batten." 
TALBOT:  "  And  acted  toward  the  deity  with  hostility." 
SMITH,  in  the  Parallel  inscription  C  :  '*  For  the  evil 
they  did."  Oppert:  "  Et  ils  avaient  agi  en  se  revoltant 
contre  le  droit."  Of  course,  I  cannot  know  what  each 
one  reads  in  the  original.  Quot  capita,  tot  sensus.  ,Op- 
PERT'S  book,  ''Inscriptions  des  Sargonides"  I  have  not  seen. 
Musu  is  the  common  word  for  "  night  "  in  Assyrian. 

(73.)  Iplukh,  Impft.  of  palakh,  "  to  be  afraid."  Libbu, 
I  don't  need  to  remember  on  the  Hebrew  3^,  u  heart." 
Mutsur,  Egypt,  Mizraim ;  there  is  an  exhaustive  essay 
on  this  word  by  SCHRADER,  in  the  Journal  of  the  German 
Oriental  Society ,  xxiv.,  p.  436.  Two  countries  are  called 
Mutsur :  one  in  the  east  of  Assyria,  the  other  is  Egypt ; 
all  that  I  can  do  here  is  to  refer  to  SCHRADER'S  essay. 
Tsabi,  "people,"  written  as  ideogram,  comp.  Tsabah. 
Mitpanni,  "the  bow,"  ''men  of  the  bow,"  "archers." 
Narcabati,  plur.  of  narcabat,  "wagon,"  "chariot,"  root 
is  racabh.  OPPERT  says  that  the  ideograph  with  which 
this  word  is  written  ought  to  be  read  so.  His  readings 
are  generally  very  reliable. 

(75.)  Imuciy  "  host,"  "  forces,"  from  the  root  amac. 
Nibi,  a  noun,  from  root  nabd,  "  to  name,"  "  to  number." 
Iktirunu,  Impft.  I  ft  of  kara,  "  to  call,"  "  to  call  together." 
lllicu,  from  halac.  OPPERT  translates  this  whole  pas- 
sage thus :  "  Mais  leur  cceur  redoutait  le  roi  d'Egypte ; 
car  les  archers,  les  chars,  les  chevaux  du  roi  de  Meroe, 
des  multitudes  innombrables,  se  reunirent  et  marcherent 
contre  moi."  Ritsu,  "  assistance,"  from  ratsd,  "  to  help." 
Tamirti,  for  tanmirti,  "sight,"  from  namdr,  "to  see";  so 
SCHRADER.  TALBOT  :  "  In  the  plains."  SMITH  :  "  In 
the  vicinity."  lllamu,  a  prep,  "before,"  "in  front  of." 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  43 

Sidru,  "  battle  array,"  comp.  the  Syriac  sarad,  "  tremuit." 
Sitcun,  adj.  from  the  root  saca,  "  to  place,"  "  placed." 
Usalu,  third  pers.  pi.  Impft.  of  sha'al ;  these  two  words, 
malu,  tiiclatimn,  are  differently  translated.  TALBOT  : 
44  They  discharged  their  arrows."  SMITH,  like  SCHRA- 
DER:  "  They  urged  on  their  soldiers."  Tucult,  I  think, 
means  in  the  first  place,  "  confidence,"  tuclati,  would  then 
be  "  faithful  servants,"  perhaps  "  soldiers  " ;  I  must  con- 
fess :  hie  haeret  aqua !  Itti,  prep.  "  with,"  comp.  the 
Hebrew  HN.  Sun  is,  of  course,  suffix. 

(79.)  Amtakhits,  Impft.  of  makhats,  Hebrew  the  same, 
"  to  fight,"  very  often  found  in  the  inscriptions.  Astacan, 
the  Impft.  of  sacan,  "  to  place."  Hapicta,  root  hapac, "  to 
overthrow,"  here  a  "  defeat."  Bill  marcabati,  "  masters 
of  the  chariots,"  "  Wagenlenker"  both  words  already  ex- 
plained. Adi  properly  means  "until,"  the  Hebrew 
'"W,  but  very  often  used  as  a  simple  copula,  so  here; 
see  SCHRADER,  Z.  d.  D.  M.  G.  XXVI.  p.  290.  Baldhusun 
"  alive,"  baldhu,  plur.  baldhut,  sun  is  affix,  now  we  have 
baldhut-sun ;  t  is  thrown  out,  and  the  sibilants  changed  ; 
but  on  account  of  typographical  difficulties  I  have  not 
been  able  to  mark  in  these  pages  the  difference  be- 
tween Samek  and  Shin. 


Col.   III. 

(i.)  Acrib,  Impft.  from  carabh  or  Jcarabh,  written  both 
ways,  "  to  approach."  Kidhdhu,  from  root  kadhd,  "pec- 
cavit,"  in  Greek  "hamartano";  properly,  to  miss  the 
mark  in  shooting ;  here  kidhdhu  is  a  noun,  "  crime." 
Usabsu,  third  pers.  Plur.  Shaf.  of  basu,  "they  committed." 
Aduc,  "  they  killed,"  from  root  tulc,  resp.  takak,  "  contudit," 


44  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

"  contrivit,"  Ges.  sub  voce.  Dimii,  "  stakes,"  "  poles  "; 
the  meaning  is  certain,  but  what  the  root  is,  is  yet  sub 
judice.  Sikharti,  "  circumvallation"  from  sakhar,  "  cir- 
cumivit,"  see  Ges.,  page  946.  The  translation  I  have 
given  is  very  awkward,  better  TALBOT  :  "  On  stakes  all 
round  the  city  I  hung  their  bodies."  Inscription  C 
seems  to  differ  here,  for  SMITH  translates  :  "And  in 
heaps  over  the  whole  of  the  city  I  threw  down  their 
bodies."  Alib,  first  pers.  Impft.  Kal  from  alabh,  "  to 
hang  up,"  Arabic  the  same  ;  Latin,  "  resecare,"  German, 
" aufspiessen."  Pagru,  "dead  bodies,"  Hebrew  peger, 
cadaver,  used  by  the  prophets  Isaiah  and  Jeremiah. 

(4.)  Ibis,  act.  part,  from  abhash,  "  to  do,"  although 
habli  is  plur.,  still  ibis  is  sing. ;  but  such  incongruities 
happen.  What  anm  and  cillati  mean,  I  am  not  sure. 
I  have  translated  as  Schrader  has  done,  without  ex- 
pressing an  opinion  about  his  being  right  or  wrong. 
TALBOT  :  "  Who  had  done  likewise,  together  with  their 
wives,  to  slavery  I  gave."  SMITH:  "And  the  revilers 
into  slavery  I  gave."  Amnu,  from  mandh,  first  pers. 
sing.  Impft  Kal,  "I  counted."  Sittut,  "  the  rest,"  in 
Arabic  it  means  the  back  of  the  body. 

(6.)  Bani,  part,  from  banah,  "  to  make."  Cululti, 
"abominable,"  root  V?p.  Arati,  from  arar,  "defiance," 
"violence."  Ibsu,  Impft.  Kal  from  abhash.  Ussur,  "re- 
ward," comp.  Hebrew  asher,  "salvation."  Akbi,  first  pers. 
Impft.  of  kaba,  "to  speak."  Ultucirib,  "  ex  medio."  On 
the  Assyrian  prep.  comp.  SCHRADER,  p.  289,  who  is 
very  clear  and  exhaustive.  Usizava,  first  pers.  Impft 
Shaf.  from  R.  azd  c.  cop.  va. 

(14.)  Livit,  from  lava,  "  to  touch*,"  here  a  noun, "  neigh- 
borhood." 

The  two  following  lines,  15  and  16,  are  very  difficult 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  45 

to  interpret.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  Assyrian  his- 
torian speaks  of  different  war-engines,  the  names  of 
which  are  very  hard  to  understand,  and  the  nature  of 
which  it  is  difficult  to  identify.  SMITH,  the  latest  of  my 
authorities,  translates  the  parallel  inscription  thus : 
"  With  the  marching  of  a  host,  and  surrounding  of 
a  multitude,  attack  of  ranks,  force  of  battering  rams, 
mining,  and  missiles."  OPPERT,  some  years  ago,  ren- 
dered it  in  the  following  manner :  "  Avec  lesquelles  je 
combattis  en  domptant  leur  orgueil  et  en  affrontant 
leur  colere.  Aide  par  le  feu,  le  massacre,  les  combats, 
et  les  tours  de  siege,  je  les  emportai,  je  les  occupai." 

(17.)  AM  and  acsud  are  clear.  Zicar  and  sinnfe, 
44  male  and  female,"  zicar,  like  Hebrew — sinnis,  adj.  fem. 
The  Arabic  has  preserved  us  this  word  in  the  same 
meaning.  Here,  now,  we  have  six  names  for  animals  : 
susi,  Hebrew,  sus,  parii,  Hebrew,  pereh,  44  mule";  imr, 
Hebrew,  chamor,  "  ass  ";  gamali,  Hebrew  the  same ;  alpi, 
Hebrew,  eleph,  "  cattle ";  ts^im,  Hebrew,  tson,  small 
cattle, 44  sheep  and  goats,"  all  very  plain. 

(20.)  A  very  remarkable  passage  comes  now,  often 
quoted  and  commented  upon.  Itstsur,  "  bird,"  written 
as  ideogram  with  two  wedges,  but  phonetic  value 
and  meaning  clear  by  way  of  comparison.  Kuppu, 
44  cage,"  comp.  Hebr.  Jcublah.  Ibusu, 44  I  concealed  him," 
"  I  inclosed  him,"  from  kabdh.  Perhaps  the  "  black  stone 
of  the  desert,"  the  KAABAH.  knows  something  about 
this  root?  Khaku,  44 fortress,"  44 siege- tower."  Uraccis, 
first  pers.  Pa.  of  racas,  44  to  build,"  44  to  erect,"  often  in 
the  Inscription.  In  Hebrew  we  have  racas,  in  Aram., 
rakas,  in  Arabic,  rakas, 44  to  bind."  Atsti"  exit,"  "egress," 
from  root  atsd.  .Bab,  44gate."  Every  schoolboy  knows 
Bab-el- Mandeb  from  his  geography  lessons.  Utirra,  first 


46  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

pers.  sing.  Af.  "  to  effect,"  from  rooter.  SMITH  renders 
"  To  divide  it,  he  had  given  command."  Iccibus,  third 
pers.  plur.  Impft.  of  nacab,  "perforate";  see  on  this 
syntakt.  connection :  "  EWALD'S  Lehrbuch  d.  Hebr.  Spra- 
che  285  b"  OPPERT,  some  years  ago,  took  this  passage 
differently  :  "  J'investis  et  je  bloquai  les  fortes  au  dessus 
d'elle ;  ceux  qui  sortaient  de  la  grande  porte  de  la  ville 
furent  amenees  et  pris."  There  are  difficulties  which 
I  cannot  remove.* 

(23.)  Abtiic,  first  pers.  sing.  Impft.  of  root  batac,  "to 
cut";  in  Arabic,  "to  tear  away."  Utsakhir,  Pa.  from 
tsaar,  "ty¥,  "  to  diminish."  Makrit,  fern,  of  maJchru, 
"  former,"  see  above.  Cisid-ti,  of  course,  from  acsud, 
root,  casad,  "  to  take,"  therefore  casidti,  "  tribute,"  "  taxes." 
Uraddi,  first  pers.  sing.  Impft.  Pa.  from  radd,  in  As- 
syrian, "  to  add,"  the  same  in  Arabic. 

(31.)  Urbi,  "watchman,"  plur.,  "  Besatzungs-trup- 
pen,"  or  TALBOT:  "workmen."  SMITH,  strange  to  say, 
does  not  translate  this  word,  but  writes,  "  urU" 
Tsabisusi,  "  his  men,"  tsabi,  "  men,"  su,  suffix,  si  is  a  pho- 
netic complement;  see  more  about  it  in  SCHRADER,  1. 
c.  p.  22  and  243  seq.  TALBOT:  "The  workmen,  sol- 
diers, and  builders,  whom  for  the  fortification  of,"  etc. 
Dwmwn,,  Impft.  Pa.  of  danan.  "to  defend."  Usiribu, 
third  pers.  Shaf.  of  3"U>,  in  Assyrian,  "to  enter." 
Irsu.  from  rasa,  "  to  incline ";  SCHRADER'S  rendering, 
made  three  years  ago,  seems  to  be  more  correct  than 
TALBOT'S  from  last  year,  for  even  GEO.  SMITH  writes  : 
"  Whom  to  be  preserved  within  Jerusalem,  he  had 

*  Assyriology  is  a  new  science,  and,  of  course,  progressive.  On  some 
points  Assyriologists  have  to  change  their  views,  perhaps  inside  of  twelve 
months.  I  should  not  be  surprised  to  hear  that  it  has  been  already 
finally  settled  in  Europe,  but  philological  news  takes  longer  time  to  travel 
to  San  Francisco  than  political  or  commercial  ! 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  47 

caused  to  enter,  and  they  inclined  to  submission,"  etc. 
TALBOT,  on  the  other  hand,  has:  "  Whom  for  the  forti- 
fication of  Jerusalem,  his  royal  city,  he  had  collected 
within  it,  now  carried  tribute,"  etc. 

(34.)  Khiirats,  :'gold."  Hebrew  p"H,  v.  Ges.  1.  c.  p. 
526.  Caspu  cesspit,  "silver."  Nisicti,  perh.  from  root 
nasac,  "  to  weld,"  spoken  of  metal.  In  the  following  lines, 
35,  36,  and  37,  I  will  first  explain  those  words  which 
are  clear  to  me,  and  then  give  the  various  versions 
before  me.  Gakhli,  perhaps  the  Hebrew  D'bfU,  "  burn- 
ing coals,"  or  as  Oppert  says,  "  shining  stones."  Ainu, 
may  be  from  abdn,  "  ston  e."  There  is  no  doubt  that 
precious  stones  are  here  spoken  of,  because  the  deter- 
minative proves  it.  Masac,  undoubtedly  "  skin,"  from 
the  root  p^J,  to  take  off  the  skin  either  of  man  or 
beast.  The  Assyrians  were  in  the  barbarous  habit  of 
flaying  enemies  captured  in  war.  Amsi,  not  quite  cer- 
tain which  animal  is  meant — perhaps  the  buffalo.  Ka- 
Amsi,  "  horns"  or  "  teeth"  of  the  Amsi.  Its,  "  wood," 
like  the  Hebrew  ets ;•  what  dan  and  ku-wood  is,  I  con- 
fess is  a  riddle  to  me.  Following  SCHRADER,  I  should 
think  it  means  "  sandal-wood"  and  "  ebony."  Oppert 
writes  "  ebony "  too.  Nitsirtu  means  properly  what  a 
man  keeps,  "  a  keepsake,"  from  rootnatsar,  u  to  watch"; 
consequently  it  signifies  "precious  things."  Cabudtu,adj. 
fern.,  from  cabed,  "heavy."  TALBOT  renders  these  lines 
thus :  "  (34.)  ....  woven  cloth,  scarlet,  embroidered, 
precious  stones  of  large  size,  couches  of  ivory,  movable 
thrones  of  ivory,  skins  of  buffaloes,  teeth  of  buffaloes, 
dan-wood,  ku-wood,  a  great  treasure  of  every  kind." 

SMITH  :    "  Precious  carbuncles,   daggasi,  great    

stones,  couches  of  ivory,  elevated  thrones  of  ivory, 
skins  of  buffaloes,  horns  of  buffaloes,  izdan,  izku,  every- 


48  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

thing  a  great  treasure."    SCHRADER  :  "  Metallarbeiten  (?) 

rothschimmernde    steine grosse     edelsteine 

holzbeschlage    tiir   prachtsessel,  gegenstande 

aus   dem   felle  des    Amsi,    horn  (?)   vom    Amsi,    san- 
delholz,  ebenholz,  reiche  schatze." 

(38.)  Sicriti,  comp.  the  Hebrew  ^fr',  uxor  regia, 
it  means,  at  all  events,  "  females,"  for  the  determina- 
tive which  stands  before  this  ideographically  written 
word  proves  it ;  the  phonetic  value  is  demonstrated  by 
GEO.  SMITH  in  his  " Assur  lanipal,  etc."  leal,  "palace," 
comp.  Hebrew  /DTf,  Lub,  perhaps  "harem."  Arid,  prep. 
"  after."  Usibilavva,  first  pers.  shaf.  from  root  /^N,  "  to 
bear,"  with  cop.  m.  Ardut,  "  submission,"  "  homage," 
comp.  drad=jarad  in  Hebrew.  Ispur,  third  pers.  sing, 
impft.  from  sapar,  "to  send."  Raebu,,  from  racabh,  "to 
ride,"  "  to  drive,"  here  a  noun  :  "  envoy/'  "  messenger."  t 

*  The  capitals  which  are  used  in  the  Assyrian  text  for  printing  doubt- 
ful words  denote  that  they  are  written  ideographically,  but  that  neither 
the  phonetic  values  nor  the  exact  meanings  are,  so  far,  conclusively  settled. 

fMy  original  plan  was  to  give,  after  this  chapter,  an  alphabetical  list 
of  all  the  Semitic  Roots  to  be  found  in  the  foregoing  inscriptions;  but  I 
must  leave  them  out  in  order  not  to  swell  this  brochure — which,  piece-meal, 
during  midnight  hours,  and  in  haste,  has  been  written — into  a  little  book, 
which  I  fear  has  interest  for  but  a  few. 


of 
MENTIONED    IN    OUR    INSCRIPTIONS. 


ABDILIT,  or  as  Talbot  writes  it,  Abd' Hint,  a  king  of 
Arvad ;  nothing  further  is  known  of  him. 

ABURAMU;  some  read  this  name  Airamrnu,  and  suggest 
that  it  may  be  the  same  as  Hiram,  a  name  borne  by 
various  Phoenician  kings.  The  so-called  inscription 
of  Parahyba,  found  in  South  America,  which  may  be 
a  fraud,  mentions  also  (see  Schlottmann  Zeits.  d.  D. 
M.  G.  xxviii.  p.  483)  a  king  of  Zidon  called  Hiram, 
in  the  third  line.  This  man  in  our  inscr.  was 
King  of  Edom. 

Accu,  the  Accho  of  the  Book  of  Judges,  I,  31.  The 
Arabs  call  it  now  Acca,  Europeans  St.  Jean  d'Acre. 

ACZIBI,  perhaps  the  same  word  as  found  in  Josh,  xix, 
29.  Ekdippa  of  the  classical  writers.  This  Achzib 
was  a  city  of  Judah  in  the  Shefelah  ;  there  was  an- 
other town  with  that  name  belonging  to  Asher. 

AKHARRI,  mat  Akharri,  the  western  country.  Assyrian 
name  for  Canaan,  inclusive  of  Phoenicia  and  Pales- 
tine. 


50  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

ALTACU,  Etthekeh,  has  not  yet  been  conclusively  identi- 
fied; perhaps  it  was  situated  not  far  from  Ekron.  An- 
other Etthekeh  was  in  the  tribe  of  Judah,  the  former 
belonging  to  Dan.  I  am  inclined  to  accept  the  more 
southerly  situated  town  as  the  battle-field  between 
Sennacherib  and  the  Egyptians. 

AMGARUNA,  undoubtedly  Ekron,  one  of  the  five  towns 
belonging  to  the  Philistines,  now  Akir.  It  was  situ- 
ated inside  the  limits  of  Judah,  but  seems  never  to 
have  been  conquered. 

ARUDA,  Arvad,  a  place  in  Phoenicia ;  it  may  perhaps  be 
the  same  as  the  island  Ruad,  which  lies  off  Tortosa, 
two  or  three  miles  from  the  Phoenician  coast. 
Ezech.  xxvii,  8,  n.  Bibl.  Sacra,  V.,  251,  seq. 

ASSUR,  or  Asshur,  Assyria,  the  once  mighty  empire  of 
Western  Asia.  See  Smith's  Bible  Dictionary,  s.  v. 

ASDUDA,  Ashdod,  one  of  the  five  confederate  cities  of 
the  Philistines,  midway  between  Gaza  and  Joppa, 
noted  for  its  worship  of  Dagon,  the  fish-god ;  destroyed 
by  the  Maccabees ;  now  it  is  an  insignificant  village 
called  Esdud. 

AZURU,  Hazor,  in  Naphtali,  mentioned  in  Josh,  xix,  36, 
but  this  does  not  fit  well  in  our  narrative — perhaps 
Hazar  Shual  is  meant.  F.  Talbot,  1.  c.  p.  36. 

BANAI-BARKA,  comp.  Josh,  xix,  45.  Bene-berak  ("sons  of 
lightning  "),  the  Syriac  version  reads  Baal-debac.  Kno- 
bel  identifies  it  with  Ibu-Abra/c. 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  5! 

BIT-DACAMA,  Beth-Dagon,  house  of  Dagon.  Three 
cities  are  known  to  us  as  bearing  this  name ;  the  one 
spoken  of  in  our  inscription  was  perhaps  situated  in 
the  so-called  Shefelah,  in  the  tribe  of  Judah. 
Robinson's  identification  with  Beit  Dejan  is  unten- 
able. 

BiT-Zim,  City  of  Olives.  There  is  a  Beth-sittah  in 
Issachar,  but  it  is  rather  doubtful  whether  it  is  the 
place  spoken  of  in  our  inscription. 

BIT-AMMANA,  Beth-Ammon;  a  city  bearing  this  name  is 
unknown  to  me  as  being  mentioned  either  in  the 
Bible  or  classical  writers.  House  of  Ammon. 

CAMUSINADAB,  Kamuz-natli.  Chemosh  was  the  chief 
god  of  the  Moabites.  I  may  be  permitted  to  refer 
here  to  the  so-called  Moabite  stone,  where  Chemosh 
is  mentioned.  Fiirst  interprets,  "god  of  fire."  Sol-' 
omon  introduced  the  worship  of  that  god  into  Jeru- 
salem and  Josiah  abolished  it. 

GUBLA,  Byblos,  situated  on  the  frontiers  of  Phoenicia, 
somewhat  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  small  river 
Adonis ;  it  is  now  called  Gebail  by  the  Arabs,  thus 
reviving  the  old  Biblical  name. 

JAHUDI,  Judah;   no  need  of  further  remarks. 

JAPPA,  Joppa  (beauty),  now  Yd/a  or  Jaffa,  a  town  on  the 
southwest  coast  of  Palestine,  well  known  in  history. 
Especially  during  the  crusades  this  place  acquired  a 
great  importance. 


52  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

ISKALUNA,  Ashkelon,  Askelon,  one  of  the  cities  of  the 
Philistines.  With  regard  to  the  fulfillment  of  the 
prophecy  (Zeph.  ii.  4,  and  Zech.  ix.  5),  "Askelon 
shall  not  be  inhabited,"  see  Thompson's  Land  and 
Boole,  ii.,  328,  seq. 

ISMIBIL,  like  Ismael ;  perhaps  it  means  "  Bel  hears." 
KHAZIKIAHU,  already  explained. 

KHATTI,  Hittites;  all  the  westward  living  Aramaeans. 
LULII,  Elulaeus  ;  see  Lachish  Inscription. 

LACISU,  Lachish,  a  city  in  Judah,  besieged  and  cap- 
tured by  Sennacherib :  there  exists  now  a  place 
called  Um-L&kis,  perhaps  the  very  spot.  See  Smith's 
Bible  Dictionary. 

"  MACHALLIBA,  Makalliba,  a  place  unknown  to  me. 

MINKHIMMU,  Menahem,  of  Samaria,  is  mentioned  in 
an  inscription  of  Tiglath,  Bileser  II.,  together  with 
Rezin  of  Damascus.  There  is  no  doubt  of  the 
identity  of  our  Minkhimmu  with  the  Menahem,  ruler 
of  the  northern  kingdom. 

MITINTI,  a  king  of  Asdod. 

MABA,  Moab,  the  well-known  trans-Jordanic  country, 
which  since  the  discovery  of  King  Mesa's  stele  by 
Rev.  Klein,  a  German  missionary  in  Jerusalem,  has 
been  repeatedly  searched  by  archaeologists  after 
antiquities.  A  certain  Mr.  Clermont  Ganneau  has 
of  late  acquired  a  rather  questionable  notoriety  by 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  53 

denying  the  genuineness  of  the  Moabite  pottery,  etc., 
recently  purchased  by  the  German  government  for 
its  museums  ;  but  a  sort  of  literary  Sedan  is  all  that 
this  jealous  and  annoying  Frenchman  has  so  far 
earned.  Prof.  Schlottmann,  of  Halle,  the  worthy 
successor  of  a  Gesenius  and  Roediger,  and  undoubt- 
edly the  most  learned  Semitist  in  Europe,  will  soon, 
under  the  auspices  of  the,German  Oriental  Society, 
publish  a  full  description  of  all  the  Moabite  antiqui- 
ties which  are  in  the  Berlin  Collection. 

MUTSUR,  Egypt. 

MILUKHI,  Meroe  ;  the  best  authorities  are  now  inclined 
to  identify  both  names. 

NINUA,  Nineveh,  the  capital  of  Assyria,  the  very  city, 
the  ruins  of  which  have  furnished  us  with  the  greater 
portion  of  the  Assyrian  records.  Mosul  is  situated 
just  opposite  the  mounds  which  cover  the  once 
mighty  city. 

PADII,  a  king  of  Ekron,  was  treacherously  delivered  into 
the  hands  of  Hezekiah,  but  afterwards  restored. 

PUDUIL,  a  king  of  Ammon. 

RUKIBTI,  name  of  a  ruler  or  petty  king  of  Askelon. 

SARLUDARI,  a  prince  of  Askelon,  properly  an  Assyrian 
name. 

SINAKHIRIB,  already  explained. 

SARIPTAV,  Sarepta,  a  city  of  Phoenicia,  between  Tyrus 
and  Zidon.  i  Kings  xvii,  9,  10. 


54  SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN. 

SANSU,  Talbot  writes  Usu,  Schrader  calls  it  Shemesh. 
I  cannot  identify  it. 

TUBAAL,  a  king  of  Zidon.  This  name  seems  to  have 
been  very  common  among  the  early  Semites  (or 
Hamites  either). 

TAMNA,  or  Timnah,  a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Judah, 
near  Ekron.  Josh,  xv,  10.  Its  name  signifies  "lot," 
or  as  others  say,  "  south,"  because  situated  at  the 
southern  part  of  Palestine,  in  the  tribe  of  Dan. 
'Now  called  Tibneh. 

TSIDUN,  Zidon,  the  well  known  city  of  Phoenicia. 
TSIDKA,  Zedek,  ("justice")  a  king  of  Ascalon. 
UDUMMA,  Edom,  Idumcea. 

URSALIMMU,  Jerusalem,  often  mentioned  in  cuneiform 
inscriptions. 

USIMURUNI,  sometimes  also  Samirina,  Samaria,  the  cap- 
ital of  the  northern  kingdom.  722  a.  Chr.  n.  cap- 
tured by  Sargon. 

URUISKI,  or  as  Talbot  reads,  Ummilki,  a  king  of  Gabal. 


Having  already  overstepped  the  limits  of  this  lit- 
tle pamphlet,  I  can  in  conclusion  give  only  a  few  re- 
marks on  one  or  two  historical  questions,  which  natu- 
rally enough  are  the  consequences  of  philological  re- 
searches. Hebrew  history  and  chronology  are  fields 
very  extensive  on  the  one  hand,  and  often  sterile  and 
unproductive  on  the  other. 

Beside  the  inspired  writers  of  the  Sacred  Canon,  and 
a  tew  post-biblical  historians,  classical  authors  tell  us 
very  little  about  that  peculiar,  secluded  nation,  the  Is- 
raelites. Therefore  the  discovery  of  the  Assyrian  rec- 
ords and  their  contents  was  of  the  highest  interest 
to  all  biblical  scholars,  and  has  indeed  startled  the 
minds  of  many  searchers  after  truth.  Acceptable  as 
cuneiform  narratives  are  now,  one  thing  is  to  be  regret- 
ted, namely,  that  in  some  minor  points  they  are  in  obvious 
discrepancy  with  the  Bible.  I  say  in  minor  points,  be- 
cause the  important  facts  of  the  Scriptures,  as  far  as  As- 
syria is  concerned,  are  most  wonderfully  attested ;  and 
only  in  numbers  and  in  a  few  names  occur  differences, 
which,  I  trust,  in  the  course  of  time,  when  more  discov- 
eries are  made  and  new  inscriptions  unearthed,  more 
or  less  will  be  done  away  with. 

Three  sources  we  have,  from  which  we  may  derive 
information.  The  first,  and  of  course  the  most  import- 


56  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

ant  one,  is  the  Bible ;  the  second  are  Greek  and  Egyp- 
tian narratives  ;  and  the  third,  the  cuneiform  records  of 
Assyria.  Leaving  all  side  questions  untouched,  we 
will  consider  here  only  one  point,  that  is:  "  Has  King 
Sennacherib  been  twice  in  Syria,  or  only  once  ?"  or  in 
other  words,  are  the  events  narrated  by  the  author  of  the 
second  Book  of  Kings,  and  again  in  nearly  the 
same  language  by  the  prophet  Isaiah,  to  be  referred  to 
one  or  two  expeditions  ? 

As  on  many  other  points,  scholars,  who  have  paid 
special  attention  to  this  matter,  disagree.  Sir  Henry 
Rawlinson  and  his  learned  brother,  together  with  some 
other  English  divines,  and  the  greater  number  of  or- 
thodox theologians  of  Europe  and  America,  are  gen- 
erally inclined  to  assume  two  separate  expeditions ; 
Lenormant,  Schrader,  and  the  more  "  advanced  "  biblical 
scholars,  refer  all  the  events  to  one,  and  only  one  cam- 
paign. But  nobody  should  now  be  so  prejudiced,  without 
inquiring  thoroughly  in  the  matter,  to  side  with  either 
one  or  the  other  of  the  parties  according  to  his 
own  "  standpoint,"  to  use  this  rather  imported  word. 
The  reasons  given  by  French  and  German  scholars  in 
favor  of  only  one  expedition,  are  very  clear  and  con- 
vincing. It  is  true,  that  some  of  these  advanced  theo- 
logians often  wrest  the  Holy  Scriptures,  by  reading  be- 
tween the  lines,  and  subordinating  the  authority  of  the 
Bible  under  that  of  their  cherished  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions; but  the  judicious  historian,  and  the  frank  and 
sincere  critic,  ought  to  examine  all  the  accessible 
sources  with  impartiality.  "Audiatur  et  altera  pars" 

Every  careful  reader  of  the  i8th  and  igth  chapter 
of  the  second  Book  of  Kings,  and  of  the  35th  and  36th 
of  Isaiah,  will  sometimes  have  wondered,  Why  Jerusa- 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  57 

Jem,  after  King  Hezekiah  had  already  paid  such  an 
enormous  tribute,  which  ought  to  have  satisfied  the 
Assyrian  monarch,  was  subsequently  requested  to  open 
jts  gates  unconditionally  to  the  conqueror.  Again,  it 
must  be  surprising,  that  Sennacherib  came  in  the  four- 
teenth year  of  Hezekiah's  reign.  If  it  is  true  that  Sam- 
aria was  taken  in  Hezekiah's  sixth  year,  Sennacherib 
cannot  have  marched  against  Jerusalem  in  the  four- 
teenth year  of  its  Jung's  reign,  but  rather  in  his  twenty- 
seventh.  Samaria  was  taken  in  722,  by  Sargon  ;  there 
is  no  mistake  about  the  year.  Hezekiah  came  upon  the 
throne  in  726,  and  ruled  twenty-nine  years.  Of  course, 
some  differ.  But  there  is  no  doubt,  as  we  will  prove 
presently,  that  Sennacherib's  campaign  must  be  placed 
in  701.  Therefore  we  cannot  help  changing,  in  II 
Kings,  xviii,  13,  the  fourteen  years  to  twenty-seven. 
Such  a  chronological  alteration  detracts  not  a  jot 
from  the  scriptural  authority,  for  the  Bible  does  not 
pretend  to  teach  critical  history  or  comparative  chro- 
nology, but  DOCTRINES.  Sennacherib,  according  to  the 
Assyrian  lists  of  eponyms,  succeeded  his  father  Sar- 
gon in  705;  Now,  we  have  three  terra-cotta  cylinders 
which  enumerate  the  various  campaigns  of  Sen- 
nacherib,— not  as  do  the  obelisk-inscriptions  of  Shal- 
manezer  or  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser,  according 
to  years, — but  they  record  the  exploits  according  to 
expeditions  (girri).  The  various  narratives  always 
commence  thus  :  "  In  the  first,  second,  third,  etc.,  expe- 
dition." The  march  against  Syria,  which  we  have 
^already  considered,  is  spoken  of  as  the  third. 

It  is  not  likely  that  Sennacherib  undertook  in  one 
year  more  than  one  expedition,  for  the  distances  were 
great,  and  the  means  of  locomotion  in  those  times,  of 


58  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

course,  not  such  as  now  ;  the  remains  of  telegraph 
poles  or  railroad  tracks  have  not  yet  been  discovered, 
neither  in  Assyria,  nor  anywhere  else  thereabouts.  The 
Syrian  expedition  would  therefore  fall  in  702.  But 
there  are  other  proofs  which  conclusively  show  that 
really  701  is  the  year.  The  already  named  Bellino  cylin- 
der, made  in  the  fourth  year  of  Sennacherib's  reign, 
does  not  mention  the  Syrian  campaign,  simply  because 
it  had  not  yet  been  undertaken.  Besides,  other  col- 
lateral testimony  is  at  our  disposal,  which  here  to 
adduce  would  lead  us  too  far. 

Sennacherib,  in  701,  marched  into  Syria.  Why? 
Only  to  reduce  such  petty  kings  as  those  of  Zidon, 
Askelon,  and  Judah  to  subjection  ?  I  am  rather 
inclined  to  think  that  the  main  object  of  the  terrible 
Assyrian  monarch  was  to  invade  and  subdue  Egypt, 
the  only  equally  powerful  rival  of  Assyria.  The  wars 
against  those  comparatively  small  and  insignificant 
Syrian  kings  were  only  so  many  episodes  and  incidents. 
Sennacherib  had  heard  that  Egypt  was  trying  to  get  a 
solid  foothold  in  Syria,  in  order  to  take  revenge  for  its 
defeat  some  years  before,  near  Raphia.  when  Shebek, 
the  Egyptian  king,  had  been  completely  routed  by  Sar- 
gon,  the  father  and  predecessor  of  Sennacherib.  To 
put  a  stop  to  these  Egyptian  intrigues,  he,  having 
settled  matters  in  Babylon,  in  Armenia,  and  on  the 
eastern  frontiers  of  Assyria,  during  the  first  four  years 
of  his  reign,  turns  now  his  attention  to  Egypt ;  but  the 
way  to  Egypt  leads  through  Syria  (in  its  wider  sense). 
He  comes,  takes  on  his  road,  without  much  difficulty, 
Zidon  and  Askelon,  and  pretty  nearly  Jerusalem  too. 
But  Hezekiah,  perhaps  advised  by  his  great  friend 
Isaiah,  prefers  the  payment  of  an  imposed  tribute, 


SENNACHERIB  S    CAMPAIGN.  59 

rather  than  to  risk  the  dangers  of  a  siege.  This  tribute 
the  Hebrew  king  accordingly  sent  to  the  Assyrian 
monarch,  who  in  the  meantime  had  advanced  as  far 
south  as  Lachish.  After  the  capture  of  this  town,  Sen- 
nacherib seems  to  have  taken  a  good  position  near  Al- 
tacu,  or  Elthekeh,  in  order  to  wait  for  the  approach  of 
the  Egyptian  and  Ethiopian  forces. 

Sennacherib,  however,  not  being  satisfied  with  such  a 
nominal  submission  of  the  Hebrew  king,  sends  from 
these,  his  headquarters,  in  the  meantime,  those  messen- 
gers who  should  ask  for  and  demand  the  delivery  of 
Jerusalem,  because,  first,  that  city  was  a  very  strong 
point,  of  great  strategical  value,  easily  defended,  and  alto- 
gether too  dangerous  in  the  hands  of  a  king  who  had 
already  once  forgotten  his  oath  of  allegiance  and  vassal- 
age ;  and  secondly,  this  Jerusalem  might,  in  case  of  a 
defeat  by  the  united  forces  of  Egypt  and  Ethiopia,  form 
a  most  useful  position  to  cover  and  protect  his  retreat. 
Sennacherib  was  an  able  general,  and  undoubtedly  "in- 
tended to  provide  for  the  changes  of  war. 

In  this  time,  I  think,  falls  the  parley  between  the 
messengers  of  the  monarch  and  the  deputies  of  Heze- 
kiah,  and  also  the  sending  of  that  famous  letter ;  in 
short,  all  that  is  related  in  II  Kings,  xviii.,  ly-xix  ,  34, 
and  in  Isaiah,  xxxvi.,  2-xxxvii.,  36. 

The  approaching  army  of  the  united  Egyptians, 
which  induced  the  Assyrian  king  to  demand  the 
delivery  of  Jerusalem,  was  the  very  cause  why  Hezekiah 
,  refused  it.  I  think  there  were  at  that  time  two,  or 
rather  three  parties  in  Jerusalem,  who  were  striving 
after  political  influence:  the  Assyrian,  the  Egyptian, 
and  the  National,  headed  by  the  good  king  and  his 
great  adviser,  the  prophet  Isaiah.  Following  the  lat- 


60  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

r 

ter's  counsel,  Hezekiah  refuses  to  surrender,  hoping 
for  help  from  Jehovah.  And  surely  in  one  night  the 
Assyrian  host  was  destroyed,  not  by  the  arms  of  the 
Egyptians,  but  by  "the  Angel  of  the  Lord."  The 
various  explanations  which  have  been  suggested — pes- 
tilence, sirocco,  mice,  etc. — are  altogether  foolish,  and 
not  worth  the  paper  upon  which  they  are  printed.  It 
was  the  Angel  of  the  Lord  who  slew  the  Assyrians. 

I  cannot  see  why  in  the  world  assume  a  second 
expedition  two  or  three  years  after  the  first  (so  called). 
Prof.  Geo.  Rawlinson,  in  his  "  Five  Great  Monarchies," 
vol.  ii.,  p.  158  (sec.  edit),  accepts  the  idea  of  two  cam- 
paigns, and  he  has  arranged  the  facts  narrated  in  the 
Bible,  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions,  and  in  the  Greek 
and  Roman  authors,  very  nicely  and  ingeniously ; 
the  only  drawback  is,  that  neither  the  Bible  nor  the 
Assyrian  records  know  anything  of  such  a  nice  dis- 
tribution of  incidents  into  two  campaigns.  His  argu- 
ment is,  that  Sennacherib  does  nbt  speak  of  a  second 
expedition  because  too  disastrous  for  him,  and  that 
Assyrian  kings  were  equally  as  indisposed  to  give 
their  defeats  to  posterity  as  the  French  are  to  depict  the 
battles  of  Waterloo  and  Sedan  upon  the  walls  of  the 
Tuilleries.  To  this  I  may  be  permitted  to  say,  that 
,  every  one  who  is  acquainted  with  the  stereotyped 
boasting  phrases  of  Assyrian  kings,  will  miss,  in  our 
three  narratives  of  the  Syrian  war,  those  bragging  and 
minute  enumerations  of  booty,  men,  horses,  chariots, 
etc.  He  speaks  of  capturing  a  few  Egyptians,  but  that 
is  all.  I  rather  think  his  victory  near  Elthekeh,  sup- 
posing it  was  one,  must  have  been  such  a  one  as 
Pyrrhus  won  near  Heraclea,  in  280. 

In  like  manner,  Geo.  Smith  (in   Lepsius    Zeitschrift 


SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN.  61 

fur  ^Egypt.  Spr.,  1870,  p.  40)  speaks  of  a  first  expedi- 
tion, but  without  producing  sufficient  proof  for  his 
assumption. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  Biblical  nor  in  the  Assyrian 
records  referring  to  the  length  of  time  spent  by 
Sennacherib  in  Syria.  Perhaps  he  remained  after  the 
indecisive  battle  near  Elthekeh  a  considerable  time 
longer  in  the  southern  and  western  part  of  Judah,  con- 
quering smaller  places,  as  fbr  instance  Timnah,  etc., 
perhaps  making  preparations  for  a  more  energetic 
assault  upon  Egypt,  when  the  terrible  disaster  befell 
his  troops.  There  was  sufficient  time  to  carry  on  the 
transaction  between  himself  and  the  Hebrew  king.  It 
is  very  obvious  that  he  (Sennacherib)  had  sent  also  a 
considerable  portion  of  his  army  to  give  force  and 
weight  to  his  demands. 

There  is  another  point,  which  has  induced  me  to 
reject  the  assumption  of  a  second  campaign.  In  our 
Lachish  inscription  we  see  the  king  of  Assyria  sitting 
upon  his  movable  throne,  receiving  Hebrew  captives 
bringing  tribute  ;  we  may  therefore,  naturally  enough, 
assume  that  Hezekiah  sent  his  thirty  talents  of  gold 
and  eight  hundred  talents  of  silver  to  Lachish,  where 
the  Assyrian  head-quarters  were.  Those  scholars,  now, 
who  plead  for  two  separate  expeditions,  say  that  in 
verses  13-16  of  the  i8th  chapter,  the  whole  record  of 
the  first  is  contained,  and  that  verses  i7-xix.,  36,  enu- 
merate the  incidents  of  the  second.  But  in  verse  1 7 
we  read,  this  time  in  the  Bible,  that  the  Tartan,  the 
Rabsaris,  and  the  Rab-shakeh  (en  passant,  these  are  not 
the  names  of  so  many  men,  Assyrian  officers,  but 
rather,  the  titles  of  their  respective  offices)  came  from 
Lachish  to  King  Hezekiah.  I  think  it  is  a  gratuitous 


62  SENNACHERIB'S  CAMPAIGN. 

assumption  to  insist  that  Sennacherib  both  times 
should  have  had  his  head-quarters  before  Lachish. 

Besides  all  this,  the  utter  silence  of  the  Assyrian 
records :  I  mean,  if  there  had  been,  two  or  three 
years  later,  a  second  warlike  excursion  into  Syria, 
we  might  find  a  clue  somewhere,  but  nothing  what- 
soever is  alluded  to. 

Herodotus,  as  is  well  known,  tells  us  (in  ii.,  141)  that 
the  famous  disaster  befell  the  Assyrians  as  they  were 
encamping  opposite  the  Egyptian  army  at  Pelusium. 
This  place  is  considerably  further  south  than  Lachish, 
and,  without  attributing  too  much  authority  to  Herod- 
otus, who  only  wrote  from  hearsay,  it  is  nevertheless 
admissible  that  after  the  doubtful  victory  near  Elthekeh, 
and  after  having  taken  Lachish  and  Libnah,the  Assyrian 
monarch  went  south  as  far  as  Pelusium,  where  "  the 
blast"  came  upon  him,  which  prodigy  was  afterwards  by 
the  Egyptian  priests  attributed  to  the  protecting  power 
of  their  own  gods. 

Considering  all  the  facts  which  throw  light  upon 
this  matter,  I  think  it  pretty  safe  to  assume  only  one 
expedition,  the  one  which  is  related  by  the  Bible,  so 
far  as  the  Hebrews  are  concerned,  and  by  the  Assyrian 
records  as  far  as  it  had  reference  to  the  Assyrians, 
leaving  out,  of  course,  the  ominous  disaster  in  the 
south  of  Palestine,  and  giving  in  its  place  a  somewhat 
meager  and  surprisingly  sober  list  of  deeds  done 
against  the  small  princes  of  the  "  Hittites/'  and  pre- 
serving an  excusable  if  not  justifiable  silence  about 
the  Egyptians. 


CORRIGENDA  AND  ADDENDA 


Page  i.  —  On  the  so-called  Hamath  Inscriptions  see  "  Unexplored 
Syria  "  by  RICH.  BURTON  and  CHAR.  F.  TYRWHITT  DRAKE,  London, 
1872,  vol  I,  p.  333  seq.  Most  excellent  engravings  of  five  inscriptions 
are  given,  together  with  short  notes.  I  hear  that  of  late  still  more  of  this 
sort  of  hieroglyphic  inscriptions  have  been  found  and  copied. 

Page  ii.  —  A  number  of  eminent  English  Egyptologists  and  Assyriolo- 
gists  have  combined  to  teach  these  branches  of  Oriental  philology  sys- 
tematically, and  for  this  purpose  SAM  BIRCH  and  Rev.  SAYCE  will  issue 
elementary  grammars.  These  efforts  are  made  under  the  patronage  of 
the  "  Society  for  Biblical  Archaeology  "  in  London. 

Page  iii.  —  I  ought  not  to  have  mentioned  JULES  OPPERT  as  being  bi- 
ased against  the  S.  S.  ;  on  the  contrary,  he  has  most  nobly  defended  Bib- 
lical chronology.  Last  year  in  London  HE  and  Prof.  SCHRADER  of  JENA 
had  a  sort  of  literary  rencontre  at  the  session  of  the  Semitic  section  of 
the  Oriental  Congress.  See  Triibner's  Oriental  catalogue  and  Jenaer 
Literatur  Zeitung,  52,  1874. 

Page  viii.  —  I  see  that  a  former  schoolmate  of  mine,  A.  HILDEBRAND 
of  Jena,  has  a  similar  subject  selected  for  his  "  doctor  dissertation  "  : 
Judo's  VerhUltniss  Zu  Assyrien  in  Jesajd's  Zeiten.  His  brochure  has 
been  just  published,  but  I  have  not  yet  seen  it.  A.  Hildebrand  is  an  ac- 
tive Assyrian  student. 

Page  x,  tenth  line  from  below,  for  "  Arcadian"  read  Accadian. 

Page  17,  third  line  from  below,  for  "y  =  i  "  read  y  =  'i. 

Page  30,  third  line  from  below,  for 

Page  35,  fifth  line  from  above,  read  Q3K>  acam. 

Page  35,  twelfth  line  from  above,  read  3£>X>  (ishabh 

Page  38,  seventeenth  line  from  above,  read 

Page  42,  sixth  line  from  below,  read  d'Egypte. 

On  Biblical  Chronology  numerous  books  and  pamphlets  have  appeared 
of  late.  The  funniest  which  I  have  seen  is  "  Ernest  de  Bunsen  :  The 
Chronology  of  the  Bible."  Facts  and  fancies  are  so  nicely  mixed  that 
a  person  does  not  know  which  is  which. 


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